Securing Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) Cheat Sheet

Last revision (mm/dd/yy): 11/25/2018 Introduction The goal of this “CSS (Not XSS, but Cascading Style Sheet) Cheat Sheet is to inform Programmers, Testers, Security Analysts, Front-End Developers and anyone who is interested in Web Application Security to use these recommendations or requirements in order to achieve better security when authoring “Cascading Style Sheets.” Let's demonstrate this risk with an example: Santhosh is a programmer who works for a company called “X” and authors a Cascading Style Sheet to implement styling of the web application. The application for which he is writing CSS Code has various roles like “Student”, “Teacher”, “Super User” & “Administrator” and these roles have different permissions (PBAC - Permission Based Access Control) and Roles (RBAC - Role Based Access Control). Not only do these roles have different access controls, but these roles could also have different styling for webpages that might be specific to an individual or group of roles. Santhosh thinks that it would a great optimized idea to create a “global styling” css file which has all the CSS styling/selectors for all of the roles. According to their role, a specific feature or user interface element will be rendered. For instance, Administrator will have different features compared to “Student” or “Teacher” or “SuperUser”. However, some permissions or features maybe common to some roles. Example: Profile Settings will be applicable to all the users here while “Adding Users” or “Deleting Users” is only applicable for “Administrator”. Example: .login .profileStudent .changePassword .addUsers .deleteUsers .addNewAdmin .deleteAdmin .exportUserData .exportProfileData ... Now, let’s examine what are the risks associated with this style of coding. Risk #1 Motivated Attackers always take a look at *.CSS files to learn the features of the application even without being logged in. For instance: Jim is a motivated attacker and always tries to look into CSS files from the View-Source even before other attacks. When Jim looks into the CSS file, he sees that there are different features and different roles based on the CSS selectors like .profileSettings, .editUser, .addUser, .deleteUser and so on. Jim can use the CSS for intel gathering to help gain access to sensitive roles.This isa form of attacker due diligence even before trying to perform dangerous attacks to gain access to the web application. In a nutshell, having global styling could reveal sensitive information that could be beneficial to the attacker. Risk #2 Let’s say, Santhosh has this habit of writing the descriptive selector names like .profileSettings, exportUserData, .changePassword, .oldPassword, .newPassword, .confirmNewPassword etc. Good programmers like to keep code readable and usable by other Code Reviewers of the team. The risk is that attackers could map these selectors to actual features of a web application. Defensive Mechanisms to Mitigate Attacker’s Motivation Defense Mechanism As a CSS Coder / Programmer, always keep the CSS isolated by access control level. By this, it means Student will have a different CSS file called as StudentStyling.CSS while Administrator has AdministratorStyling.CSS and so on. Make sure these *.CSS files are accessed only for a user with the proper access control level. Only users with the proper access control level should be able to access their *.CSS file. If an authenticated user with the Student Role tries to access AdministratorStyling.CSS through forced browsing, an alert that an intrusion is occurring should be recorded. Defense Mechanism #2 Being a programmer or a tester, take care of the naming conventions of your CSS (Cascading Style Sheet) Selectors. Obfuscate the selector names in such a fashion that attackers are not informed what a specific selector is linking to. Example: CSS Selectors for addUser, addAdmin, profileSettings, changePassword could be named aHj879JK, bHjsU, ahkrrE, lOiksn respectively. These names could be randomly generated per user as well. This NPM package can be used to perform the renaming of the CSS selector. Defense Mechanism #3 If your web application sends some styling via JSON request in specific features for various reasons, then make sure that the properties and values are not tampered with and also reject anything that appears to be suspicious or anything that is out of your whitelist. This attack may work even when you have escaped characters, or done input encoding and output encoding. Example: Someone may just tamper with the request body of a specific feature and edit the styling to create an attack where height or width can be changed to make it look like fullpage & also every part of the webpage is clickable which will redirect the users to malicious websites which will inturn have multitude of attacks. You can read about how LinkedIn had a vulnerability through Cascading Style Sheet which was fixed once reported. Authors and Primary Editors Santhosh Tuppad - https://www.linkedin.com/in/santhosh-tuppad-338b7412/ Other Cheatsheets V - T - E Cheat Sheets Developer / Builder 3rd Party Javascript Management Access Control AJAX Security Cheat Sheet Authentication (ES) Bean Validation Cheat Sheet Choosing and Using Security Questions Clickjacking Defense Credential Stuffing Prevention Cheat Sheet Cross-Site Request Forgery (CSRF) Prevention Cryptographic Storage C-Based Toolchain Hardening CSS Security Deserialization DOM based XSS Prevention Forgot Password HTML5 Security HTTP Strict Transport Security Injection Prevention Cheat Sheet Injection Prevention Cheat Sheet in Java JSON Web Token (JWT) Cheat Sheet for Java Input Validation Insecure Direct Object Reference Prevention JAAS Key Management LDAP Injection Prevention Logging Mass Assignment Cheat Sheet .NET Security OS Command Injection Defense Cheat Sheet OWASP Top Ten Password Storage Pinning Query Parameterization REST Security Ruby on Rails Session Management SAML Security SQL Injection Prevention Transaction Authorization Transport Layer Protection TLS Cipher String Configuration Unvalidated Redirects and Forwards User Privacy Protection Web Service Security XSS (Cross Site Scripting) Prevention XML External Entity (XXE) Prevention Cheat Sheet Assessment / Breaker Attack Surface Analysis REST Assessment Web Application Security Testing XML Security Cheat Sheet XSS Filter Evasion Mobile Android Testing IOS Developer Mobile Jailbreaking OpSec / Defender Virtual Patching Vulnerability Disclosure Draft and Beta Application Security Architecture Business Logic Security Content Security Policy Denial of Service Cheat Sheet Grails Secure Code Review IOS Application Security Testing PHP Security Regular Expression Security Cheatsheet Secure Coding Secure SDLC Threat Modeling All Pages In This Category