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(→‎Consumer IoT Security Guidance)
(→‎Consumer IoT Security Guidance)
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| '''I1: Insecure Web Interface'''
 
| '''I1: Insecure Web Interface'''
 
|
 
|
 +
* If your system has the option to use HTTPs, ensure it is enabled
 +
* If your system has a two factor authentication option, ensure that it is enabled
 +
* If your system has web application firewall option, ensure that it is enabled
 
* If your system has a local or cloud-based web application, ensure that you change the default password to a strong one
 
* If your system has a local or cloud-based web application, ensure that you change the default password to a strong one
−
* If the system has account lockout functionality, ensure that it's enabled
+
* If the system has account lockout functionality, ensure that it is enabled
 +
* Consider employing network segmentation technologies such as firewalls to isolate IoT systems from critical IT systems
 
|-  
 
|-  
 
| '''I2: Insufficient Authentication/Authorization'''
 
| '''I2: Insufficient Authentication/Authorization'''
 
|
 
|
−
* aaa
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* If your system has a local or cloud-based web application, ensure that you change the default password to a strong one
−
* bbb
+
* If the system has account lockout functionality, ensure that it is enabled
 +
* If your system has a two factor authentication option, ensure that it is enabled
 +
* Consider employing network segmentation technologies such as firewalls to isolate IoT systems from critical IT systems
 
|-  
 
|-  
 
| '''I3: Insecure Network Services'''
 
| '''I3: Insecure Network Services'''
 
|
 
|
−
* aaa
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* If your system has a firewall option available, enable it and ensure that it can only be accessed from your client systems
−
* bbb
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* Consider employing network segmentation technologies such as firewalls to isolate IoT systems from critical IT systems
 
|-  
 
|-  
 
| '''I4: Lack of Transport Encryption'''
 
| '''I4: Lack of Transport Encryption'''
 
|
 
|
−
* aaa
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* If your system has the option to use HTTPs, ensure it is enabled
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* bbb
 
 
|-  
 
|-  
 
| '''I5: Privacy Concerns'''
 
| '''I5: Privacy Concerns'''
 
|
 
|
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* aaa
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* Do not enter sensitive information into the system that is not absolutely required, e.g. address, DOB, CC, etc.
−
* bbb
 
 
|-  
 
|-  
 
| '''I6: Insecure Cloud Interface'''
 
| '''I6: Insecure Cloud Interface'''
 
|
 
|
−
* aaa
+
* If your system has the option to use HTTPs, ensure it is enabled
−
* bbb
+
* If your system has a two factor authentication option, ensure that it is enabled
 +
* If your system has web application firewall option, ensure that it is enabled
 +
* If your system has a local or cloud-based web application, ensure that you change the default password to a strong one
 +
* If the system has account lockout functionality, ensure that it is enabled
 
|-  
 
|-  
 
| '''I7: Insecure Mobile Interface'''
 
| '''I7: Insecure Mobile Interface'''
 
|
 
|
−
* aaa
+
* If the mobile application has the option to require a PIN or password, consider using it for extra security (on client and server)
−
* bbb
+
* Do not enter sensitive information into the mobile application that is not absolutely required, e.g. address, DOB, CC, etc.
 
|-  
 
|-  
 
| '''I8: Insufficient Security Configurability'''
 
| '''I8: Insufficient Security Configurability'''
 
|
 
|
−
* aaa
+
* If your system has the option, enable any logging functionality for security-related events
−
* bbb
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* If your system has the option, enable any alert and notification functionality for security-related events
 
|-  
 
|-  
 
| '''I9: Insecure Software/Firmware'''
 
| '''I9: Insecure Software/Firmware'''
 
|
 
|
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* aaa
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* If your system has the option to verify updates, ensure it is enabled
−
* bbb
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* If your system has the option to download updates securely, ensure it is enabled
 +
* If your system has the ability to schedule updates on a regular cadence, consider enabling it
 
|-  
 
|-  
 
| '''I10: Poor Physical Security'''
 
| '''I10: Poor Physical Security'''
 
|
 
|
−
* aaa
+
* If your system has the ability to limit administrative capabilities possible by connecting locally, consider enabling that feature
−
* bbb
+
* Disable any unused physical ports through the administrative interface
 
|}
 
|}
  
 +
===General Recommendations===
  
 
If you are looking to purchase a device or system, consider the following recommendations:
 
If you are looking to purchase a device or system, consider the following recommendations:
 
* Include security in feature considerations when evaluating a product
 
* Include security in feature considerations when evaluating a product
−
* Avoid using system defaults for usernames and passwords when possible and choose good passwords and two-factor authentication when possible
+
* Place Internet of Things devices on a separate network if possible using a firewall
−
* Place Internet of Things devices on a separate wireless network if possible using a firewall
+
 
 +
[ NOTE: Given the fact that each deployment and every environment is different, it is important to weigh the pros and cons of implementing the advice above before taking each step. ]
  
 
= Project Details =
 
= Project Details =

Revision as of 13:51, 8 February 2015

OWASP Project Header.jpg

OWASP Internet of Things Top 10

Oxford defines the Internet of Things as: “A proposed development of the Internet in which everyday objects have network connectivity, allowing them to send and receive data.”

The OWASP Internet of Things (IoT) Top 10 is a project designed to help manufacturers, developers, and consumers better understand the security issues associated with the Internet of Things, and to enable users in any context to make better security decisions when building, deploying, or assessing IoT technologies.

The project defines the top ten security surface areas presented by IoT systems, and provides information on threat agents, attack vectors, vulnerabilities, and impacts associated with each. In addition, the project aims to provide practical security recommendations for builders, breakers, and users of IoT systems.

Licensing

The OWASP Internet of Things Top 10 is free to use. It is licensed under the http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/ Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 license], so you can copy, distribute and transmit the work, and you can adapt it, and use it commercially, but all provided that you attribute the work and if you alter, transform, or build upon this work, you may distribute the resulting work only under the same or similar license to this one.


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What is the OWASP Internet of Things Top 10?

The OWASP Internet of Things Top 10 provides:

  • A list of the 10 Most Significant IoT Security Surface Areas
  • A list of basic recommendations for manufacturers, developers, and consumers

For each attack surface areas, the following sections are included:

  • A description of the attack surface
  • Threat agents
  • Attack vectors
  • Security weaknesses
  • Technical impacts
  • Business impacts
  • Example vulnerabilities
  • Example attacks
  • Guidance on how to avoid the issue
  • References to OWASP and other related resources

For each role in Manufacturers, Developers, and Consumer, the following recommendations are included:

  • For each IN category, list the top few considerations that should be observed in that context

Project Leaders

  • Daniel Miessler
  • Craig Smith
  • Jason Haddix

Related Projects

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Classifications

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OWASP Project Header.jpg


The OWASP Internet of Things Top 10 - 2014 is as follows:


Introduction

Oxford defines the Internet of Things as “a proposed development of the Internet in which everyday objects have network connectivity, allowing them to send and receive data.”

The OWASP Internet of Things (IoT) Top 10 is a project designed to help vendors who are interested in making common appliances and gadgets network/Internet accessible. The project walks through the top ten security problems that are seen with IoT devices, and how to prevent them.

Examples of IoT Devices: Cars, lighting systems, refrigerators, telephones, SCADA systems, traffic control systems, home security systems, TVs, DVRs, etc…


Feedback

Please let us know how your organization is using the Internet of Things Top 10. Include your name, organization's name, and brief description of how you use the list. Thanks for supporting OWASP!

We hope you find the information in the OWASP Internet of Things Top Ten useful. Please contribute back to the project by sending your comments, questions, and suggestions to [email protected] or [email protected] Thanks!


Project Sponsors


Manufacturer IoT Security Guidance

(DRAFT)

The goal of this page is help manufacturers build more secure products in the Internet of Things space. The guidance below is at a basic level, giving builders of products a basic set of guidelines to consider from their perspective. This is not a comprehensive list of considerations, and should not be treated as such, but ensuring that these fundamentals are covered will greatly improve the security of any IoT product.

Category IoT Security Consideration
I1: Insecure Web Interface
  • Ensure that any web interface in the product disallows weak passwords
  • Ensure that any web interface in the product has an account lockout mechanism
  • Ensure that any web interface in the product has been tested for XSS, SQLi and CSRF vulnerabilities
I2: Insufficient Authentication/Authorization
  • Ensure that any access requiring authentication requires strong passwords
  • Ensure that user roles are properly segregated in multi-user environments
  • Implement two-factor authentication where possible
  • Ensure password recovery mechanisms are secure
I3: Insecure Network Services
  • Ensure all devices operate with a minimal number of network ports active
  • Ensure all devices do not make network ports and/or services available to the internet
  • Review all required network services for vulnerabilities such as buffer overflows or denial of service
I4: Lack of Transport Encryption
  • Ensure all communication between devices and between devices and the internet is encrypted
  • Use recommended and accepted encryption practices and avoid proprietary protocols
  • Ensure SSL/TLS implementations are up to date and properly configured
I5: Privacy Concerns
  • Ensure only the minimal amount of personal information is collected from consumers
  • Ensure all collected personal data is properly protected using encryption at rest and in transit
I6: Insecure Cloud Interface
  • Ensure all cloud interfaces are reviewed for security vulnerabilities (e.g. API interfaces and cloud-based web interfaces)
  • Ensure that any cloud-based web interface disallows weak passwords
  • Ensure that any cloud-based web interface has an account lockout mechanism
  • Implement two-factor authentication for cloud-based web interfaces
  • Ensure that all cloud interfaces use transport encryption
  • Ensure that any cloud-based web interface has been tested for XSS, SQLi and CSRF vulnerabilities
I7: Insecure Mobile Interface
  • Ensure that any mobile application disallows weak passwords
  • Ensure that any mobile application has an account lockout mechanism
  • Implement two-factor authentication for mobile applications (e.g Apple's Touch ID)
  • Ensure that any mobile application uses transport encryption
I8: Insufficient Security Configurability
  • Ensure password security options are made available (e.g. Enabling 20 character passwords or enabling two-factor authentication)
  • Ensure encryption options are made available (e.g. Enabling AES-256 where AES-128 is the default setting)
I9: Insecure Software/Firmware
  • Ensure all system devices have update capability and can be updated quickly when vulnerabilities are discovered
  • Ensure update files are encrypted and that the files are also transmitted using encryption
  • Ensure that update files are signed and then validated by the device before installing
I10: Poor Physical Security
  • Ensure the device is produced with a minimal number of physical external ports (e.g. USB ports)
  • Ensure the firmware of Operating System can not be accessed via unintended methods such as through an unnecessary USB port
  • Ensure the product is tamper resistant

Special Note: Consider the following recommendation for all Internet of Things products:

  • Avoid the potential for persistent vulnerabilities in devices that have no update capability by ensuring that all devices and systems are built with the ability to be updated when vulnerabilities are discovered

Developer IoT Security Guidance

(DRAFT)

The goal of this page is help developers build more secure applications in the Internet of Things space. The guidance below is at a basic level, giving developers of applications a basic set of guidelines to consider from their perspective. This is not a comprehensive list of considerations, and should not be treated as such, but ensuring that these fundamentals are covered will greatly improve the security of any IoT product.

Category IoT Security Consideration
I1: Insecure Web Interface
  • Ensure that any web interface coding is written to prevent the use of weak passwords
  • Ensure that any web interface coding is written to include an account lockout mechanism
  • Ensure that any web interface coding has been tested for XSS, SQLi and CSRF vulnerabilities
I2: Insufficient Authentication/Authorization
  • Ensure that applications are written to require strong passwords where authentication is needed
  • Ensure the application takes into account multi-user environments and includes functionality for role separation
  • Implement two-factor authentication where possible
  • Ensure password recovery mechanisms are written to function in a secure manner
I3: Insecure Network Services
  • Ensure applications that use network services don't respond poorly to buffer overflow, fuzzing or denial of service attacks
  • Ensure applications test ports are taken out of service before going to production
I4: Lack of Transport Encryption
  • Ensure all applications are written to make use of encrypted communication between devices and between devices and the internet
  • Use recommended and accepted encryption practices and avoid proprietary protocols
I5: Privacy Concerns
  • Ensure only the minimal amount of personal information is collected from consumers
  • Ensure all collected personal data is properly protected using encryption at rest and in transit
I6: Insecure Cloud Interface
  • Ensure all cloud interfaces are reviewed for security vulnerabilities (e.g. API interfaces and cloud-based web interfaces)
  • Ensure that any cloud-based web interface coding is written to disallows weak passwords
  • Ensure that any cloud-based web interface coding is written to include an account lockout mechanism
  • Implement two-factor authentication for cloud-based web interfaces
  • Ensure that any cloud interface coding has been tested for XSS, SQLi and CSRF vulnerabilities
  • Ensure that all cloud interfaces use transport encryption
I7: Insecure Mobile Interface
  • Ensure that any mobile application coding is written to disallows weak passwords
  • Ensure that any mobile application coding is written to include an account lockout mechanism
  • Implement two-factor authentication for mobile applications (e.g Apple's Touch ID)
  • Ensure that any mobile application uses transport encryption
I8: Insufficient Security Configurability
  • Ensure applications are written to include password security options (e.g. Enabling 20 character passwords or enabling two-factor authentication)
  • Ensure applications are written to include encryption options (e.g. Enabling AES-256 where AES-128 is the default setting)
I9: Insecure Software/Firmware
  • Ensure all applications are written to include update capability and can be updated quickly when vulnerabilities are discovered
  • Ensure all applications are written to process encrypted update files and that the files are transmitted using encryption
  • Ensure all applications are written to process signed files and then validate that file before installation
I10: Poor Physical Security
  • Ensure applications are written to utilize a minimal number of physical external ports (e.g. USB ports) on the device
  • Ensure all applications can not be accessed via unintended methods such as through an unnecessary USB port


Special Note: Consider the following recommendations for all user interfaces (local device, cloud-based and mobile):

  • Avoid potential Account Harvesting issues by:
    • Ensuring valid user accounts can't be identified by interface error messages
    • Ensuring strong passwords are required by users
    • Implementing account lockout after 3 - 5 failed login attempts

Consumer IoT Security Guidance

(DRAFT)

The goal of this page is help consumers purchase secure products in the Internet of Things space. The guidance below is at a basic level, giving consumers a basic set of guidelines to consider from their perspective. This is not a comprehensive list of considerations, and should not be treated as such, but ensuring that these fundamentals are covered will greatly aid the consumer in purchasing a secure IoT product.

Category IoT Security Consideration
I1: Insecure Web Interface
  • If your system has the option to use HTTPs, ensure it is enabled
  • If your system has a two factor authentication option, ensure that it is enabled
  • If your system has web application firewall option, ensure that it is enabled
  • If your system has a local or cloud-based web application, ensure that you change the default password to a strong one
  • If the system has account lockout functionality, ensure that it is enabled
  • Consider employing network segmentation technologies such as firewalls to isolate IoT systems from critical IT systems
I2: Insufficient Authentication/Authorization
  • If your system has a local or cloud-based web application, ensure that you change the default password to a strong one
  • If the system has account lockout functionality, ensure that it is enabled
  • If your system has a two factor authentication option, ensure that it is enabled
  • Consider employing network segmentation technologies such as firewalls to isolate IoT systems from critical IT systems
I3: Insecure Network Services
  • If your system has a firewall option available, enable it and ensure that it can only be accessed from your client systems
  • Consider employing network segmentation technologies such as firewalls to isolate IoT systems from critical IT systems
I4: Lack of Transport Encryption
  • If your system has the option to use HTTPs, ensure it is enabled
I5: Privacy Concerns
  • Do not enter sensitive information into the system that is not absolutely required, e.g. address, DOB, CC, etc.
I6: Insecure Cloud Interface
  • If your system has the option to use HTTPs, ensure it is enabled
  • If your system has a two factor authentication option, ensure that it is enabled
  • If your system has web application firewall option, ensure that it is enabled
  • If your system has a local or cloud-based web application, ensure that you change the default password to a strong one
  • If the system has account lockout functionality, ensure that it is enabled
I7: Insecure Mobile Interface
  • If the mobile application has the option to require a PIN or password, consider using it for extra security (on client and server)
  • Do not enter sensitive information into the mobile application that is not absolutely required, e.g. address, DOB, CC, etc.
I8: Insufficient Security Configurability
  • If your system has the option, enable any logging functionality for security-related events
  • If your system has the option, enable any alert and notification functionality for security-related events
I9: Insecure Software/Firmware
  • If your system has the option to verify updates, ensure it is enabled
  • If your system has the option to download updates securely, ensure it is enabled
  • If your system has the ability to schedule updates on a regular cadence, consider enabling it
I10: Poor Physical Security
  • If your system has the ability to limit administrative capabilities possible by connecting locally, consider enabling that feature
  • Disable any unused physical ports through the administrative interface

General Recommendations

If you are looking to purchase a device or system, consider the following recommendations:

  • Include security in feature considerations when evaluating a product
  • Place Internet of Things devices on a separate network if possible using a firewall

[ NOTE: Given the fact that each deployment and every environment is different, it is important to weigh the pros and cons of implementing the advice above before taking each step. ]

OWASP Project Header.jpg


PROJECT INFO
What does this OWASP project offer you? 		RELEASE(S) INFO
What releases are available for this project?
what is this project?
Name: OWASP Internet of Things Top Ten Project (home page)
Purpose: Oxford defines the Internet of Things as “a proposed development of the Internet in which everyday objects have network connectivity, allowing them to send and receive data.”

The OWASP Internet of Things (IoT) Top 10 is a project designed to help vendors who are interested in making common appliances and gadgets network/Internet accessible. The project walks through the top ten security problems that are seen with IoT devices, and how to prevent them.

License: Creative Commons Attribution Share Alike 3.0
who is working on this project?
Project Leader(s):
  • Daniel Miessler @
how can you learn more?
Project Pamphlet: Not Yet Created
Project Presentation:
Mailing list: Mailing List Archives
Project Roadmap: View
Key Contacts
  • Contact Daniel Miessler @ to contribute to this project
  • Contact Daniel Miessler @ to review or sponsor this project
current release
Not Yet Published
last reviewed release
Not Yet Reviewed


other releases


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