Last revision (mm/dd/yy): 04/7/2018

Introduction

This article is focused on providing clear, actionable guidance for safely deserializing untrusted data in your applications.

What is Deserialization?

Serialization is the process of turning some object into a data format that can be restored later. People often serialize objects in order to save them to storage, or to send as part of communications. Deserialization is the reverse of that process -- taking data structured from some format, and rebuilding it into an object. Today, the most popular data format for serializing data is JSON. Before that, it was XML.

However, many programming languages offer a native capability for serializing objects. These native formats usually offer more features than JSON or XML, including customizability of the serialization process. Unfortunately, the features of these native deserialization mechanisms can be repurposed for malicious effect when operating on untrusted data. Attacks against deserializers have been found to allow denial-of-service, access control, and remote code execution attacks.

Guidance on Deserializing Objects Safely

The following language-specific guidance attempts to enumerate safe methodologies for deserializing data that can't be trusted.

PHP

WhiteBox Review

Check the use of 'unserialize()' and review how the external parameters are accepted.

Python

BlackBox Review

If the traffic data contains the symbol dot . at the end, it's very likely that the data was sent in serialization.

WhiteBox Review

The following API in Python will be vuleerable to serialization attack. Search code for the pattern below.

1. The uses of pickle/c_pickle/_pickle with load/loads

  import pickle
  data = """ cos.system(S'dir')tR. """
  pickle.loads(data) 

2. Uses of PyYAML with load

   import yaml
   document = "!!python/object/apply:os.system ['ipconfig']"
   print(yaml.load(document))

3. Uses of jsonpickle with encode or store methods

Java

The following techniques are all good for preventing attacks against deserialization against Java's Serializable format.

Implementation: In your code, override the ObjectInputStream#resolveClass() method to prevent arbitrary classes from being deserialized. This safe behavior can be wrapped in a library like SerialKiller. Implementation: Use a safe replacement for the generic readObject() method as seen here. Note that this addresses "billion laughs" type attacks by checking input length and number of objects deserialized.

WhiteBox Review

Be aware of the following Java API uses for potential serilization vulnerability.

 1. 'XMLdecoder' with external user defined parameters
 2. XStream with fromXML method. (xstream version <= v1.46 is vulnerable to the serialization issue.)
 3. 'ObjectInputSteam' with 'readObject'
 4. Uses of 'readObject' 'readObjectNodData' 'readResolve' 'readExternal'

BlackBox Review

If the captured traffic data may include 'ACED0005' in hex-ascii encoded bytes, it may suggest that the data was sent in Java serialization streams

Prevent Data Leakage and Trusted Field Clobbering

If there are members of the object graph that should never be controlled by end users during deserialization or exposed to users during serialization, they should be marked with the transient keyword.

Prevent Deserialization of Domain Objects

Some of your application objects may be forced to implement Serializable due to their hierarchy. To guarantee that your application objects can't be deserialized, a readObject() should be declared (with a final modifier) which always throws an exception.

private final void readObject(ObjectInputStream in) throws java.io.IOException {
   throw new java.io.IOException("Cannot be deserialized");
}

Harden Your Own java.io.ObjectInputStream

The java.io.ObjectInputStream class is used to deserialize objects. It's possible to harden its behavior by subclassing it. This is the best solution if:

• You can change the code that does the deserialization
• You know what classes you expect to deserialize

The general idea is to override ObjectInputStream.html#resolveClass() in order to restrict which classes are allowed to be deserialized. Because this call happens before a readObject() is called, you can be sure that no deserialization activity will occur unless the type is one that you wish to allow. A simple example of this shown here, where the the LookAheadObjectInputStream class is guaranteed not to deserialize any other type besides the Bicycle class:

public class LookAheadObjectInputStream extends ObjectInputStream {

    public LookAheadObjectInputStream(InputStream inputStream) throws IOException {
        super(inputStream);
    }

    /**
     * Only deserialize instances of our expected Bicycle class
     */
    @Override
    protected Class<?> resolveClass(ObjectStreamClass desc) throws IOException,
            ClassNotFoundException {
        if (!desc.getName().equals(Bicycle.class.getName())) {
            throw new InvalidClassException(
                    "Unauthorized deserialization attempt",
                    desc.getName());
        }
        return super.resolveClass(desc);
    }
}

More complete implementations of this approach have been proposed by various community members:

• NibbleSec - a library that allows whitelisting and blacklisting of classes that are allowed to be deserialized
• IBM - the seminal protection, written years before the most devastating exploitation scenarios were envisioned.

Harden All java.io.ObjectInputStream Usage with an Agent

As mentioned above, the java.io.ObjectInputStream class is used to deserialize objects. It's possible to harden its behavior by subclassing it. However, if you don't own the code or can't wait for a patch, using an agent to weave in hardening to java.io.ObjectInputStream is the best solution.

Globally changing ObjectInputStream is only safe for blacklisting known malicious types, because it's not possible to know for all applications what the expected classes to be deserialized are. Fortunately, there are very few classes needed in the blacklist to be safe from all the known attack vectors, today. It's inevitable that more "gadget" classes will be discovered that can be abused. However, there is an incredible amount of vulnerable software exposed today, in need of a fix. In some cases, "fixing" the vulnerability may involve re-architecting messaging systems and breaking backwards compatibility as developers move towards not accepting serialized objects.

To enable these agents, simply add a new JVM parameter:

-javaagent:name-of-agent.jar

Agents taking this approach have been released by various community members:

• Invoker Defender by Go-CD
• rO0 by Contrast Security

A similar, but less scalable approach would be to manually patch and bootstrap your JVM's ObjectInputStream. Guidance on this approach is available here.

Language-Agnostic Methods for Deserializing Safely

Using Alternative Data Formats

A great reduction of risk is achieved by avoiding native (de)serialization formats. By switching to a pure data format like JSON or XML, you lessen the chance of custom deserialization logic being repurposed towards malicious ends.

Many applications rely on a data-transfer object pattern that involves creating a separate domain of objects for the explicit purpose data transfer. Of course, it's still possible that the application will make security mistakes after a pure data object is parsed.

Only Deserialize Signed Data

If the application knows before deserialization which messages will need to be processed, they could sign them as part of the serialization process. The application could then to choose not to deserialize any message which didn't have an authenticated signature.

Mitigation Tools/Libraries

• Java secure deserialization library https://github.com/ikkisoft/SerialKiller

• SWAT (Serial Whitelist Application Trainer) https://github.com/cschneider4711/SWAT
• NotSoSerial https://github.com/kantega/notsoserial

References

• https://github.com/GrrrDog/Java-Deserialization-Cheat-Sheet
• Deserialization of untrusted data
• Java Deserialization Attacks - German OWASP Day 2016
• AppSecCali 2015 - Marshalling Pickles
• FoxGlove Security - Vulnerability Announcement
• Java deserialization cheat sheet aimed at pen testers
• A proof-of-concept tool for generating payloads that exploit unsafe Java object deserialization.
• Java De-serialization toolkits https://github.com/brianwrf/hackUtils
• Java de-serialization tool https://github.com/frohoff/ysoserial
• Java de-serialization detection by DNS https://github.com/GoSeecure/break-fast-serial
• Burp Suite extension https://github.com/federicodotta/Java-Deserialization-Scanner/releases
• Java secure deserialization library https://github.com/ikkisoft/SerialKiller
• Serianalyzer is a static bytecode analyzer for deserialization https://github.com/mbechler/serianalyzer
• Payload generator https://github.com/mbechler/marshalsec
• Android Java Deserialization Vulnerability Tester https://github.com/modzero/modjoda
• Burp Suite Extension
  • JavaSerialKiller https://github.com/NetSPI/JavaSerialKiller
  • Java Deserialization Scanner https://github.com/federicodotta/Java-Deserialization-Scanner
  • Burp-ysoserial https://github.com/summitt/burp-ysoserial
  • SuperSerial https://github.com/DirectDefense/SuperSerial
  • SuperSerial-Active https://github.com/DirectDefense/SuperSerial-Active

Authors and Primary Editors

Arshan Dabirsiaghi - arshan [at] contrastsecurity dot org
Tony Hsu (Hsiang-Chih)

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