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Difference between revisions of "Testing for MySQL"
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− | + | {{Template:OWASP Testing Guide 4}} | |
− | {{Template:OWASP Testing Guide | ||
− | == | + | == Summary == |
− | [[SQL Injection]] vulnerabilities occur whenever input is used in the construction of | + | [[SQL Injection]] vulnerabilities occur whenever input is used in the construction of a SQL query without being adequately constrained or sanitized. The use of dynamic SQL (the construction of SQL queries by concatenation of strings) opens the door to these vulnerabilities. SQL injection allows an attacker to access the SQL servers. It allows for the execution of SQL code under the privileges of the user used to connect to the database. |
− | |||
− | |||
− | + | ''MySQL server'' has a few particularities so that some exploits need to be specially customized for this application. That's the subject of this section. | |
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | MySQL comes with at least four versions which are used in production worldwide | + | == How to Test == |
− | 3.23.x, 4.0.x, 4.1.x and 5.0.x. | + | When an SQL injection vulnerability is found in an application backed by a MySQL database, there are a number of attacks that could be performed depending on the MySQL version and user privileges on DBMS. |
− | Every version has a set of features proportional to version number. | + | |
+ | |||
+ | MySQL comes with at least four versions which are used in production worldwide, 3.23.x, 4.0.x, 4.1.x and 5.0.x. Every version has a set of features proportional to version number. | ||
* From Version 4.0: UNION | * From Version 4.0: UNION | ||
Line 23: | Line 18: | ||
* From Version 5.0: Stored procedures, Stored functions and the view named INFORMATION_SCHEMA | * From Version 5.0: Stored procedures, Stored functions and the view named INFORMATION_SCHEMA | ||
* From Version 5.0.2: Triggers | * From Version 5.0.2: Triggers | ||
+ | |||
It should be noted that for MySQL versions before 4.0.x, only Boolean or time-based Blind Injection attacks could be used, since the subquery functionality or UNION statements were not implemented. | It should be noted that for MySQL versions before 4.0.x, only Boolean or time-based Blind Injection attacks could be used, since the subquery functionality or UNION statements were not implemented. | ||
− | From now on, we will assume that there is a classic SQL injection vulnerability, which can be triggered by a request similar to the the one described in the Section on [[Testing for SQL Injection]]. | + | |
+ | From now on, we will assume that there is a classic SQL injection vulnerability, which can be triggered by a request similar to the the one described in the Section on [[Testing for SQL Injection (OWASP-DV-005)|Testing for SQL Injection]]. | ||
<nowiki>http://www.example.com/page.php?id=2</nowiki> | <nowiki>http://www.example.com/page.php?id=2</nowiki> | ||
− | === The | + | |
− | Before taking advantage of MySQL features, | + | === The Single Quotes Problem === |
− | it has to be taken in consideration how strings could be represented | + | Before taking advantage of MySQL features, it has to be taken in consideration how strings could be represented in a statement, as often web applications escape single quotes. |
− | in a statement, as often web applications escape single quotes. | + | |
MySQL quote escaping is the following:<br> | MySQL quote escaping is the following:<br> | ||
''' <nowiki>'A string with \'quotes\''</nowiki> ''' | ''' <nowiki>'A string with \'quotes\''</nowiki> ''' | ||
− | |||
− | |||
− | So if | + | That is, MySQL interprets escaped apostrophes (\') as characters and not as metacharacters. |
− | two cases are to be differentiated: | + | |
+ | |||
+ | So if the application, to work properly, needs to use constant strings, two cases are to be differentiated: | ||
# Web app escapes single quotes (' => \') | # Web app escapes single quotes (' => \') | ||
# Web app does not escape single quotes (' => ') | # Web app does not escape single quotes (' => ') | ||
− | |||
− | + | Under MySQL, there is a standard way to bypass the need of single quotes, having a constant string to be declared without the need for single quotes. | |
− | + | ||
− | |||
− | # The | + | Let's suppose we want to know the value of a field named 'password' in a record, with a condition like the following: |
+ | #: password like 'A%' | ||
+ | # The ASCII values in a concatenated hex:<br> | ||
#: password LIKE 0x4125 | #: password LIKE 0x4125 | ||
# The char() function: | # The char() function: | ||
#: password LIKE CHAR(65,37) | #: password LIKE CHAR(65,37) | ||
+ | |||
=== Multiple mixed queries: === | === Multiple mixed queries: === | ||
− | MySQL library connectors do not support multiple queries separated | + | MySQL library connectors do not support multiple queries separated by '''<nowiki>';'</nowiki>''' so there's no way to inject multiple non-homogeneous SQL commands inside a single SQL injection vulnerability like in Microsoft SQL Server. |
− | by '''<nowiki>';'</nowiki>''' so there's no way to inject multiple non homogeneous SQL commands inside a single SQL injection vulnerability like in Microsoft SQL Server. | ||
− | + | ||
+ | For example the following injection will result in an error: | ||
1 ; update tablename set code='javascript code' where 1 -- | 1 ; update tablename set code='javascript code' where 1 -- | ||
+ | |||
=== Information gathering === | === Information gathering === | ||
Line 70: | Line 69: | ||
==== Fingerprinting MySQL ==== | ==== Fingerprinting MySQL ==== | ||
− | Of course, the first thing to know is if there's MySQL DBMS as a | + | Of course, the first thing to know is if there's MySQL DBMS as a back end database. MySQL server has a feature that is used to let other DBMS ignore a clause in MySQL dialect. When a comment block ''('/**/')'' contains an exclamation mark ''('/*! sql here*/')'' it is interpreted by MySQL, and is considered as a normal comment block by other DBMS as explained in [http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.0/en/comments.html MySQL manual]. |
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | + | Example: | |
1 /*! and 1=0 */ | 1 /*! and 1=0 */ | ||
+ | |||
'''Result Expected:'''<br> | '''Result Expected:'''<br> | ||
− | + | ||
+ | If MySQL is present, the clause inside the comment block will be interpreted. | ||
+ | |||
==== Version ==== | ==== Version ==== | ||
Line 91: | Line 90: | ||
<nowiki>if(version >= 4.1.10) | <nowiki>if(version >= 4.1.10) | ||
add 'and 1=0' to the query.</nowiki> | add 'and 1=0' to the query.</nowiki> | ||
+ | |||
These are equivalent as the result is the same. | These are equivalent as the result is the same. | ||
Line 103: | Line 103: | ||
'''Result Expected:'''<br> | '''Result Expected:'''<br> | ||
− | + | ||
+ | A string like this: | ||
+ | 5.0.22-log | ||
+ | |||
==== Login User ==== | ==== Login User ==== | ||
− | There are two kinds of users MySQL Server relies. | + | There are two kinds of users MySQL Server relies upon. |
# [[http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.0/en/information-functions.html USER()]]: the user connected to the MySQL Server. | # [[http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.0/en/information-functions.html USER()]]: the user connected to the MySQL Server. | ||
# [[http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.0/en/information-functions.html CURRENT_USER()]]: the internal user who is executing the query. | # [[http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.0/en/information-functions.html CURRENT_USER()]]: the internal user who is executing the query. | ||
− | |||
− | The main one is that an anonymous user could connect (if allowed) | + | There is some difference between 1 and 2. The main one is that an anonymous user could connect (if allowed) with any name, but the MySQL internal user is an empty name (<nowiki>''</nowiki>). Another difference is that a stored procedure or a stored function are executed as the creator user, if not declared elsewhere. This can be known by using '''CURRENT_USER'''. |
− | with any name, but the MySQL internal user is an empty name (<nowiki>''</nowiki>). | ||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
In band injection: | In band injection: | ||
Line 127: | Line 125: | ||
1 AND USER() like 'root%' | 1 AND USER() like 'root%' | ||
+ | |||
'''Result Expected:'''<br> | '''Result Expected:'''<br> | ||
− | + | ||
+ | A string like this: | ||
+ | user@hostname | ||
+ | |||
==== Database name in use ==== | ==== Database name in use ==== | ||
Line 142: | Line 144: | ||
1 AND DATABASE() like 'db%' | 1 AND DATABASE() like 'db%' | ||
+ | |||
'''Result Expected:'''<br> | '''Result Expected:'''<br> | ||
− | + | A string like this: | |
+ | dbname | ||
+ | |||
==== INFORMATION_SCHEMA ==== | ==== INFORMATION_SCHEMA ==== | ||
From MySQL 5.0 a view named [[http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.0/en/information-schema.html INFORMATION_SCHEMA]] was created. | From MySQL 5.0 a view named [[http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.0/en/information-schema.html INFORMATION_SCHEMA]] was created. | ||
− | It allows to get all informations about databases, tables and columns | + | It allows us to get all informations about databases, tables, and columns, as well as procedures and functions. |
− | as well as procedures and functions. | ||
− | Here is a summary | + | |
+ | Here is a summary of some interesting Views. | ||
{| border=1 | {| border=1 | ||
|| '''Tables_in_INFORMATION_SCHEMA''' || '''DESCRIPTION''' | || '''Tables_in_INFORMATION_SCHEMA''' || '''DESCRIPTION''' | ||
Line 178: | Line 183: | ||
|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
− | All of | + | |
− | described in SQL Injection | + | |
+ | All of this information could be extracted by using known techniques as described in SQL Injection section. | ||
+ | |||
=== Attack vectors === | === Attack vectors === | ||
Line 185: | Line 192: | ||
==== Write in a File ==== | ==== Write in a File ==== | ||
− | If the connected user has '''FILE''' privileges and single quotes are not escaped, | + | If the connected user has '''FILE''' privileges and single quotes are not escaped, the 'into outfile' clause can be used to export query results in a file. |
− | the 'into outfile' clause can be used to export query results in a file. | ||
Select * from table into outfile '/tmp/file' | Select * from table into outfile '/tmp/file' | ||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | This kind of attack could be used as an out-of-band technique to gain information | + | Note: there is no way to bypass single quotes surrounding a filename. So if there's some sanitization on single quotes like escape (\') there will be no way to use the 'into outfile' clause. |
− | about the results of a query or to write a file which could be executed inside the | + | |
− | web server directory. | + | |
+ | This kind of attack could be used as an out-of-band technique to gain information about the results of a query or to write a file which could be executed inside the web server directory. | ||
+ | |||
Example: | Example: | ||
<nowiki>1 limit 1 into outfile '/var/www/root/test.jsp' FIELDS ENCLOSED BY '//' LINES TERMINATED BY '\n<%jsp code here%>';</nowiki> | <nowiki>1 limit 1 into outfile '/var/www/root/test.jsp' FIELDS ENCLOSED BY '//' LINES TERMINATED BY '\n<%jsp code here%>';</nowiki> | ||
+ | |||
'''Result Expected:'''<br> | '''Result Expected:'''<br> | ||
− | + | Results are stored in a file with rw-rw-rw privileges owned by MySQL user and group. | |
− | |||
Where ''/var/www/root/test.jsp'' will contain: | Where ''/var/www/root/test.jsp'' will contain: | ||
<nowiki>//field values// | <nowiki>//field values// | ||
<%jsp code here%></nowiki> | <%jsp code here%></nowiki> | ||
+ | |||
==== Read from a File ==== | ==== Read from a File ==== | ||
− | Load_file is a native function that can read a file when allowed by | + | Load_file is a native function that can read a file when allowed by the file system permissions. If a connected user has '''FILE''' privileges, it could be used to get the files' content. Single quotes escape sanitization can by bypassed by using previously described techniques. |
− | |||
− | + | load_file('filename') | |
− | |||
− | |||
− | + | '''Result Expected:'''<br> | |
− | + | The whole file will be available for exporting by using standard techniques. | |
− | |||
=== Standard SQL Injection Attack === | === Standard SQL Injection Attack === | ||
− | In a standard SQL injection you can have results displayed directly | + | In a standard SQL injection you can have results displayed directly in a page as normal output or as a MySQL error. |
− | in a page as normal output or as a MySQL error. | + | By using already mentioned SQL Injection attacks and the already described MySQL features, direct SQL injection could be easily accomplished at a level depth depending primarily on the MySQL version the pentester is facing. |
− | By using already mentioned SQL Injection attacks and the already described | + | |
− | MySQL features, direct SQL injection could be easily accomplished at a level | + | |
− | depth depending primarily on | + | A good attack is to know the results by forcing a function/procedure or the server itself to throw an error. A list of errors thrown by MySQL and in particular native functions could be found on [http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.0/en/error-messages-server.html MySQL Manual]. |
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
=== Out of band SQL Injection === | === Out of band SQL Injection === | ||
Out of band injection could be accomplished by using the [[#Write_in_a_File|'into outfile']] clause. | Out of band injection could be accomplished by using the [[#Write_in_a_File|'into outfile']] clause. | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
=== Blind SQL Injection === | === Blind SQL Injection === | ||
− | For blind SQL injection there is a set of useful function natively provided by MySQL server. | + | For blind SQL injection, there is a set of useful function natively provided by MySQL server. |
* String Length: | * String Length: | ||
Line 250: | Line 250: | ||
*: ''SUBSTRING(string, offset, #chars_returned)'' | *: ''SUBSTRING(string, offset, #chars_returned)'' | ||
* Time based Blind Injection: BENCHMARK and SLEEP | * Time based Blind Injection: BENCHMARK and SLEEP | ||
− | *: ''BENCHMARK(# | + | *: ''BENCHMARK(#ofcycles,action_to_be_performed )'' |
− | *: | + | *: The benchmark function could be used to perform timing attacks, when blind injection by boolean values does not yield any results. |
*: See. SLEEP() (MySQL > 5.0.x) for an alternative on benchmark. | *: See. SLEEP() (MySQL > 5.0.x) for an alternative on benchmark. | ||
− | For a complete list | + | For a complete list, refer to the MySQL manual at http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.0/en/functions.html |
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | ==Tools== | ||
+ | * Francois Larouche: Multiple DBMS SQL Injection tool - http://www.sqlpowerinjector.com/index.htm<br> | ||
+ | * ilo--, Reversing.org - [http://packetstormsecurity.org/files/43795/sqlbftools-1.2.tar.gz.html sqlbftools] | ||
+ | * Bernardo Damele A. G.: sqlmap, automatic SQL injection tool - http://sqlmap.org/ | ||
+ | * Muhaimin Dzulfakar: MySqloit, MySql Injection takeover tool - http://code.google.com/p/mysqloit/ | ||
+ | * http://sqlsus.sourceforge.net/ | ||
== References == | == References == | ||
'''Whitepapers'''<br> | '''Whitepapers'''<br> | ||
− | * Chris Anley: "Hackproofing MySQL" -http://www. | + | * Chris Anley: "Hackproofing MySQL" - http://www.databasesecurity.com/mysql/HackproofingMySQL.pdf |
'''Case Studies'''<br> | '''Case Studies'''<br> | ||
− | * | + | * Zeelock: Blind Injection in MySQL Databases - http://archive.cert.uni-stuttgart.de/bugtraq/2005/02/msg00289.html |
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− |
Latest revision as of 15:57, 31 July 2014
Template:OWASP Testing Guide 4
Summary
SQL Injection vulnerabilities occur whenever input is used in the construction of a SQL query without being adequately constrained or sanitized. The use of dynamic SQL (the construction of SQL queries by concatenation of strings) opens the door to these vulnerabilities. SQL injection allows an attacker to access the SQL servers. It allows for the execution of SQL code under the privileges of the user used to connect to the database.
MySQL server has a few particularities so that some exploits need to be specially customized for this application. That's the subject of this section.
How to Test
When an SQL injection vulnerability is found in an application backed by a MySQL database, there are a number of attacks that could be performed depending on the MySQL version and user privileges on DBMS.
MySQL comes with at least four versions which are used in production worldwide, 3.23.x, 4.0.x, 4.1.x and 5.0.x. Every version has a set of features proportional to version number.
- From Version 4.0: UNION
- From Version 4.1: Subqueries
- From Version 5.0: Stored procedures, Stored functions and the view named INFORMATION_SCHEMA
- From Version 5.0.2: Triggers
It should be noted that for MySQL versions before 4.0.x, only Boolean or time-based Blind Injection attacks could be used, since the subquery functionality or UNION statements were not implemented.
From now on, we will assume that there is a classic SQL injection vulnerability, which can be triggered by a request similar to the the one described in the Section on Testing for SQL Injection.
http://www.example.com/page.php?id=2
The Single Quotes Problem
Before taking advantage of MySQL features, it has to be taken in consideration how strings could be represented in a statement, as often web applications escape single quotes.
MySQL quote escaping is the following:
'A string with \'quotes\''
That is, MySQL interprets escaped apostrophes (\') as characters and not as metacharacters.
So if the application, to work properly, needs to use constant strings, two cases are to be differentiated:
- Web app escapes single quotes (' => \')
- Web app does not escape single quotes (' => ')
Under MySQL, there is a standard way to bypass the need of single quotes, having a constant string to be declared without the need for single quotes.
Let's suppose we want to know the value of a field named 'password' in a record, with a condition like the following:
- password like 'A%'
- The ASCII values in a concatenated hex:
- password LIKE 0x4125
- The char() function:
- password LIKE CHAR(65,37)
Multiple mixed queries:
MySQL library connectors do not support multiple queries separated by ';' so there's no way to inject multiple non-homogeneous SQL commands inside a single SQL injection vulnerability like in Microsoft SQL Server.
For example the following injection will result in an error:
1 ; update tablename set code='javascript code' where 1 --
Information gathering
Fingerprinting MySQL
Of course, the first thing to know is if there's MySQL DBMS as a back end database. MySQL server has a feature that is used to let other DBMS ignore a clause in MySQL dialect. When a comment block ('/**/') contains an exclamation mark ('/*! sql here*/') it is interpreted by MySQL, and is considered as a normal comment block by other DBMS as explained in MySQL manual.
Example:
1 /*! and 1=0 */
Result Expected:
If MySQL is present, the clause inside the comment block will be interpreted.
Version
There are three ways to gain this information:
- By using the global variable @@version
- By using the function [VERSION()]
- By using comment fingerprinting with a version number /*!40110 and 1=0*/
- which means
if(version >= 4.1.10) add 'and 1=0' to the query.
These are equivalent as the result is the same.
In band injection:
1 AND 1=0 UNION SELECT @@version /*
Inferential injection:
1 AND @@version like '4.0%'
Result Expected:
A string like this:
5.0.22-log
Login User
There are two kinds of users MySQL Server relies upon.
- [USER()]: the user connected to the MySQL Server.
- [CURRENT_USER()]: the internal user who is executing the query.
There is some difference between 1 and 2. The main one is that an anonymous user could connect (if allowed) with any name, but the MySQL internal user is an empty name (''). Another difference is that a stored procedure or a stored function are executed as the creator user, if not declared elsewhere. This can be known by using CURRENT_USER.
In band injection:
1 AND 1=0 UNION SELECT USER()
Inferential injection:
1 AND USER() like 'root%'
Result Expected:
A string like this:
user@hostname
Database name in use
There is the native function DATABASE()
In band injection:
1 AND 1=0 UNION SELECT DATABASE()
Inferential injection:
1 AND DATABASE() like 'db%'
Result Expected:
A string like this:
dbname
INFORMATION_SCHEMA
From MySQL 5.0 a view named [INFORMATION_SCHEMA] was created. It allows us to get all informations about databases, tables, and columns, as well as procedures and functions.
Here is a summary of some interesting Views.
Tables_in_INFORMATION_SCHEMA | DESCRIPTION |
..[skipped].. | ..[skipped].. |
SCHEMATA | All databases the user has (at least) SELECT_priv |
SCHEMA_PRIVILEGES | The privileges the user has for each DB |
TABLES | All tables the user has (at least) SELECT_priv |
TABLE_PRIVILEGES | The privileges the user has for each table |
COLUMNS | All columns the user has (at least) SELECT_priv |
COLUMN_PRIVILEGES | The privileges the user has for each column |
VIEWS | All columns the user has (at least) SELECT_priv |
ROUTINES | Procedures and functions (needs EXECUTE_priv) |
TRIGGERS | Triggers (needs INSERT_priv) |
USER_PRIVILEGES | Privileges connected User has |
All of this information could be extracted by using known techniques as described in SQL Injection section.
Attack vectors
Write in a File
If the connected user has FILE privileges and single quotes are not escaped, the 'into outfile' clause can be used to export query results in a file.
Select * from table into outfile '/tmp/file'
Note: there is no way to bypass single quotes surrounding a filename. So if there's some sanitization on single quotes like escape (\') there will be no way to use the 'into outfile' clause.
This kind of attack could be used as an out-of-band technique to gain information about the results of a query or to write a file which could be executed inside the web server directory.
Example:
1 limit 1 into outfile '/var/www/root/test.jsp' FIELDS ENCLOSED BY '//' LINES TERMINATED BY '\n<%jsp code here%>';
Result Expected:
Results are stored in a file with rw-rw-rw privileges owned by MySQL user and group.
Where /var/www/root/test.jsp will contain:
//field values// <%jsp code here%>
Read from a File
Load_file is a native function that can read a file when allowed by the file system permissions. If a connected user has FILE privileges, it could be used to get the files' content. Single quotes escape sanitization can by bypassed by using previously described techniques.
load_file('filename')
Result Expected:
The whole file will be available for exporting by using standard techniques.
Standard SQL Injection Attack
In a standard SQL injection you can have results displayed directly in a page as normal output or as a MySQL error. By using already mentioned SQL Injection attacks and the already described MySQL features, direct SQL injection could be easily accomplished at a level depth depending primarily on the MySQL version the pentester is facing.
A good attack is to know the results by forcing a function/procedure or the server itself to throw an error. A list of errors thrown by MySQL and in particular native functions could be found on MySQL Manual.
Out of band SQL Injection
Out of band injection could be accomplished by using the 'into outfile' clause.
Blind SQL Injection
For blind SQL injection, there is a set of useful function natively provided by MySQL server.
- String Length:
- LENGTH(str)
- Extract a substring from a given string:
- SUBSTRING(string, offset, #chars_returned)
- Time based Blind Injection: BENCHMARK and SLEEP
- BENCHMARK(#ofcycles,action_to_be_performed )
- The benchmark function could be used to perform timing attacks, when blind injection by boolean values does not yield any results.
- See. SLEEP() (MySQL > 5.0.x) for an alternative on benchmark.
For a complete list, refer to the MySQL manual at http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.0/en/functions.html
Tools
- Francois Larouche: Multiple DBMS SQL Injection tool - http://www.sqlpowerinjector.com/index.htm
- ilo--, Reversing.org - sqlbftools
- Bernardo Damele A. G.: sqlmap, automatic SQL injection tool - http://sqlmap.org/
- Muhaimin Dzulfakar: MySqloit, MySql Injection takeover tool - http://code.google.com/p/mysqloit/
- http://sqlsus.sourceforge.net/
References
Whitepapers
- Chris Anley: "Hackproofing MySQL" - http://www.databasesecurity.com/mysql/HackproofingMySQL.pdf
Case Studies
- Zeelock: Blind Injection in MySQL Databases - http://archive.cert.uni-stuttgart.de/bugtraq/2005/02/msg00289.html