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{| style="padding: 0;margin:0;margin-top:10px;text-align:left;" |-
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| valign="top" style="border-right: 1px dotted gray;padding-right:25px;" |
  
 
==OWASP Secure Headers Project==
 
==OWASP Secure Headers Project==
  
−
OWASP Secure Headers Project involves setting headers from the server is easy and often doesn't require any code changes. Once set, they can restrict modern browsers from running into easily preventable vulnerabilities. OWASP Secure Headers Project intends to raise awareness and use of these headers.
+
The OWASP Secure Headers Project describes HTTP response headers that your application can use to increase the security of your application. Once set, these HTTP response headers can restrict modern browsers from running into easily preventable vulnerabilities. The OWASP Secure Headers Project intends to raise awareness and use of these headers.
  
 
==Introduction==
 
==Introduction==
Line 17: Line 17:
  
 
We aim to publish reports on header usage stats, developments and changes. Code libraries that make these headers easily accessible to developers on a range of platforms. Data sets concerning the general usage of these headers.
 
We aim to publish reports on header usage stats, developments and changes. Code libraries that make these headers easily accessible to developers on a range of platforms. Data sets concerning the general usage of these headers.
−
 
  
 
==Licensing==
 
==Licensing==
−
OWASP Secure Headers is free to use. It is licensed under the Apache 2.0 license.  
+
OWASP Secure Headers is free to use. It is licensed under the [https://github.com/oshp/headers/blob/master/LICENSE Apache 2.0 License].
−
 
 
−
 
 
−
| valign="top"  style="padding-left:25px;width:200px;border-right: 1px dotted gray;padding-right:25px;" |
 
−
 
 
−
== What is the OWASP Secure Headers Project? ==
 
−
 
 
−
OWASP Secure Headers Project provides:
 
  
−
* Security best practices for HTTP headers
+
{{Social Media Links}}
−
* Security tools for HTTP headers
+
| valign="top" style="padding-left:25px;width:200px;border-right: 1px dotted gray;padding-right:25px;" |
  
 
== Project Leader ==
 
== Project Leader ==
  
−
[[User:Riramar | Ricardo Iramar]]
+
[[User:Riramar | Ricardo Iramar]]<br>
 +
[[User:Amenezes | Alexandre Menezes]]
  
 
== Project Contributors ==
 
== Project Contributors ==
  
 
[[User:Jmanico | Jim Manico]]<br />
 
[[User:Jmanico | Jim Manico]]<br />
−
[[User:Amenezes | Alexandre Menezes]]
 
  
 
== Related Projects ==
 
== Related Projects ==
  
−
* [[List of useful HTTP headers]]
+
* [[OWASP_Application_Security_Verification_Standard_Project | OWASP Application Security Verification Standard Project]]
−
 
+
* [[OWASP_Top_Ten_Project | OWASP Top Ten Project]]
−
 
 
−
| valign="top"  style="padding-left:25px;width:200px;" |  
 
  
 
== Quick Links ==
 
== Quick Links ==
  
−
* [https://github.com/riramar/hsecscan hsecscan]
+
* [https://github.com/oshp/ Project GitHub Organization]
−
 
+
* [https://hub.docker.com/r/oshp/ Docker Hub Organization]
−
== Email List ==
+
* [http://oshp.bsecteam.com Demo [develop preview]]
 +
* [https://github.com/riramar/hsecscan hsecscan A security scanner for HTTP response headers]
 +
* [https://lists.owasp.org/mailman/listinfo/owasp_secure_headers_project Project Email List]
  
−
[https://lists.owasp.org/mailman/listinfo/owasp_secure_headers_project Project Email List]
+
| valign="top" style="padding-left:25px;width:200px;" |
  
 
== News and Events ==
 
== News and Events ==
−
* [14 Dec 2015] Reborning from the ashes
+
* [23 Jul 2018] Included Feature-Policy header
 +
* [20 Oct 2017] OWASP Secure Headers Project on [https://github.com/OWASP/Top10/blob/master/2017/OWASP%20Top%2010%202017%20RC2%20Final.pdf | OWASP Top 10 RC2]
 +
* [14 Mar 2017] [https://hub.docker.com/r/oshp | Docker Hub Organization]
 +
* [15 Oct 2016] [http://roadsec.com.br/curitiba2016/ | RoadSec Curitiba 2016 Presentation]
 +
* [20/21 Set 2016] [http://mindthesec.com.br/ricardo-iramar-dos-santos | Mind The Sec 2016 Presentation]
 +
* [05 Sep 2016] [https://github.com/oshp/ | Project Github Organization]
 +
* [01 Sep 2016] Included X-Permitted-Cross-Domain-Policies header
 +
* [14 Dec 2015] Reborn from the ashes
  
 
==Classifications==
 
==Classifications==
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   {| width="200" cellpadding="2"
 
   {| width="200" cellpadding="2"
 
   |-
 
   |-
−
   | align="center" valign="top" width="50%" rowspan="2"| [[File:New projects.png|100px|link=https://www.owasp.org/index.php/OWASP_Project_Stages#tab=Incubator_Projects]]
+
   | rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" width="50%" | [[File:New projects.png|100px|link=https://www.owasp.org/index.php/OWASP_Project_Stages#tab=Incubator_Projects]]
−
   | align="center" valign="top" width="50%"| [[File:Owasp-builders-small.png|link=]]   
+
   | align="center" valign="top" width="50%" | [[File:Owasp-builders-small.png|link=]]   
 
   |-
 
   |-
−
   | align="center" valign="top" width="50%"| [[File:Owasp-defenders-small.png|link=]]
+
   | align="center" valign="top" width="50%" | [[File:Owasp-defenders-small.png|link=]]
 
   |-
 
   |-
−
   | colspan="2" align="center" | [[File:Cc-button-y-sa-small.png|link=http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/]]
+
   | colspan="2" align="center" | [[File:Cc-button-y-sa-small.png|link=http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/]]
 
   |-
 
   |-
−
   | colspan="2" align="center" | [[File:Project_Type_Files_CODE.jpg|link=]]
+
   | colspan="2" align="center" | [[File:Project_Type_Files_CODE.jpg|link=]]
 
   |}
 
   |}
  
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=Headers=
 
=Headers=
  
−
A list of headers related to security and how to implement them properly.
+
The following contains a list of HTTP response headers related to security.
 +
 
 +
==Response Headers==
  
−
* [[#HTTP Strict Transport Security (HSTS) | HTTP Strict Transport Security (HSTS)]]
+
* [[#hsts | HTTP Strict Transport Security (HSTS)]]
−
* [[#Public Key Pinning Extension for HTTP (HPKP) | Public Key Pinning Extension for HTTP (HPKP)]]
+
* [[#hpkp | Public Key Pinning Extension for HTTP (HPKP)]]
−
* [[#X-Frame-Options | X-Frame-Options]]
+
* [[#xfo | X-Frame-Options]]
−
* [[#X-XSS-Protection | X-XSS-Protection]]
+
* [[#xxxsp | X-XSS-Protection]]
−
* [[#X-Content-Type-Options | X-Content-Type-Options]]
+
* [[#xcto | X-Content-Type-Options]]
−
* [[#Content-Security-Policy | Content-Security-Policy]]
+
* [[#csp | Content-Security-Policy]]
 +
* [[#xpcdp | X-Permitted-Cross-Domain-Policies]]
 +
* [[#rp | Referrer-Policy]]
 +
* [[#ect | Expect-CT]]
 +
* [[#fp | Feature-Policy]]
  
−
==HTTP Strict Transport Security (HSTS)==
+
==<div id="hsts">HTTP Strict Transport Security (HSTS)</div>==
  
−
HTTP Strict Transport Security (HSTS) is a web security policy mechanism which helps to protect websites against protocol downgrade attacks and cookie hijacking. It allows web servers to declare that web browsers (or other complying user agents) should only interact with it using secure HTTPS connections, and never via the insecure HTTP protocol. HSTS is an IETF standards track protocol and is specified in RFC 6797. A server implements an HSTS policy by supplying a header (Strict-Transport-Security) over an HTTPS connection (HSTS headers over HTTP are ignored).
+
HTTP Strict Transport Security (HSTS) is a web security policy mechanism which helps to protect websites against protocol [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downgrade_attack downgrade attacks] and [https://www.owasp.org/index.php/Session_hijacking_attack cookie hijacking]. It allows web servers to declare that web browsers (or other complying user agents) should only interact with it using secure HTTPS connections, and never via the insecure HTTP protocol. HSTS is an IETF standards track protocol and is specified in RFC 6797. A server implements an HSTS policy by supplying a header (Strict-Transport-Security) over an HTTPS connection (HSTS headers over HTTP are ignored).
  
 
===Values===
 
===Values===
Line 107: Line 112:
  
 
<code>Strict-Transport-Security: max-age=31536000 ; includeSubDomains</code>
 
<code>Strict-Transport-Security: max-age=31536000 ; includeSubDomains</code>
−
 
−
===Best Practices===
 
−
 
−
* Apache
 
−
:Edit your apache configuration file and add the following to your VirtualHost.<br>
 
−
::<code>Header always set Strict-Transport-Security "max-age=63072000; includeSubdomains"</code>
 
−
 
−
* nginx
 
−
:Edit your nginx configuration file and add the following snippet.<br>
 
−
::<code>add_header Strict-Transport-Security "max-age=63072000; includeSubdomains";</code>
 
−
 
−
* lighttpd
 
−
:Edit your lighttpd configuration file and add the following snippet.<br>
 
−
::<code>setenv.add-response-header = ("Strict-Transport-Security" => "max-age=63072000; includeSubdomains",)</code>
 
−
 
−
* IIS
 
  
 
===References===
 
===References===
  
 
* https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6797
 
* https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6797
−
* https://www.owasp.org/index.php/List_of_useful_HTTP_headers
+
* https://www.owasp.org/index.php/HTTP_Strict_Transport_Security
 +
* https://www.owasp.org/index.php/Test_HTTP_Strict_Transport_Security_(OTG-CONFIG-007)
 
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTP_Strict_Transport_Security
 
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTP_Strict_Transport_Security
 
* https://www.chromium.org/hsts
 
* https://www.chromium.org/hsts
Line 133: Line 123:
 
* https://raymii.org/s/tutorials/HTTP_Strict_Transport_Security_for_Apache_NGINX_and_Lighttpd.html
 
* https://raymii.org/s/tutorials/HTTP_Strict_Transport_Security_for_Apache_NGINX_and_Lighttpd.html
  
−
==Public Key Pinning Extension for HTTP (HPKP)==
+
==<div id="hpkp">Public Key Pinning Extension for HTTP (HPKP)</div>==
  
−
HTTP Public Key Pinning (HPKP) is a security mechanism which allows HTTPS websites to resist impersonation by attackers using mis-issued or otherwise fraudulent certificates. (For example, sometimes attackers can compromise certificate authorities, and then can mis-issue certificates for a web origin.) The HTTPS web server serves a list of public key hashes, and on subsequent connections clients expect that server to use 1 or more of those public keys in its certificate chain.
+
HTTP Public Key Pinning (HPKP) is a security mechanism which allows HTTPS websites to resist impersonation by attackers using mis-issued or otherwise fraudulent certificates. (For example, sometimes attackers can compromise certificate authorities, and then can mis-issue certificates for a web origin.).
 +
 
 +
The HTTPS web server serves a list of public key hashes, and on subsequent connections clients expect that server to use one or more of those public keys in its certificate chain. Deploying HPKP safely will require operational and organizational maturity due to the risk that hosts may make themselves unavailable by pinning to a set of public key hashes that becomes invalid.  With care, host operators can greatly reduce the risk of [https://www.owasp.org/index.php/Man-in-the-middle_attack man-in-the-middle (MITM) attacks] and other false authentication problems for their users without incurring undue risk.
 +
 
 +
Before implement HPKP please read this https://www.chromestatus.com/feature/5903385005916160.
  
 
===Values===
 
===Values===
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===Example===
 
===Example===
  
−
Public-Key-Pins: pin-sha256="d6qzRu9zOECb90Uez27xWltNsj0e1Md7GkYYkVoZWmM="; pin-sha256="E9CZ9INDbd+2eRQozYqqbQ2yXLVKB9+xcprMF+44U1g="; report-uri="http://example.com/pkp-report"; max-age=10000; includeSubDomains
+
<code>Public-Key-Pins: pin-sha256="d6qzRu9zOECb90Uez27xWltNsj0e1Md7GkYYkVoZWmM="; pin-sha256="E9CZ9INDbd+2eRQozYqqbQ2yXLVKB9+xcprMF+44U1g="; report-uri="<nowiki>http://example.com/pkp-report</nowiki>"; max-age=10000; includeSubDomains</code>
−
 
 
−
===Best Practices===
 
−
 
 
−
* Apache
 
−
:Edit your apache configuration file and add the following to your VirtualHost.<br>
 
−
::<code>Header set Public-Key-Pins "pin-sha256=\"klO23nT2ehFDXCfx3eHTDRESMz3asj1muO+4aIdjiuY=\"; pin-sha256=\"633lt352PKRXbOwf4xSEa1M517scpD3l5f79xMD9r9Q=\"; max-age=2592000; includeSubDomains"</code>
 
−
 
 
−
* nginx
 
−
:Edit your nginx configuration file and add the following snippet.<br>
 
−
::<code>add_header Public-Key-Pins "pin-sha256=\"klO23nT2ehFDXCfx3eHTDRESMz3asj1muO+4aIdjiuY=\"; pin-sha256=\"633lt352PKRXbOwf4xSEa1M517scpD3l5f79xMD9r9Q=\"; max-age=2592000; includeSubDomains";</code>
 
−
 
 
−
* lighttpd
 
−
:Edit your lighttpd configuration file and add the following snippet.<br>
 
−
::<code>setenv.add-response-header = ("Public-Key-Pins" => "pin-sha256=\"klO23nT2ehFDXCfx3eHTDRESMz3asj1muO+4aIdjiuY=\"; pin-sha256=\"633lt352PKRXbOwf4xSEa1M517scpD3l5f79xMD9r9Q=\"; max-age=2592000; includeSubDomains",)</code>
 
−
 
 
−
* IIS
 
  
 
===References===
 
===References===
  
 
* https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7469
 
* https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7469
−
* https://www.owasp.org/index.php/List_of_useful_HTTP_headers
+
* https://www.owasp.org/index.php/Certificate_and_Public_Key_Pinning#HTTP_pinning
 
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTP_Public_Key_Pinning
 
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTP_Public_Key_Pinning
 
* https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/Security/Public_Key_Pinning
 
* https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/Security/Public_Key_Pinning
 
* https://raymii.org/s/articles/HTTP_Public_Key_Pinning_Extension_HPKP.html
 
* https://raymii.org/s/articles/HTTP_Public_Key_Pinning_Extension_HPKP.html
 +
* https://labs.detectify.com/2016/07/05/what-hpkp-is-but-isnt/
 +
* https://blog.qualys.com/ssllabs/2016/09/06/is-http-public-key-pinning-dead
 +
* https://scotthelme.co.uk/im-giving-up-on-hpkp/
 +
* https://groups.google.com/a/chromium.org/forum/m/#!msg/blink-dev/he9tr7p3rZ8/eNMwKPmUBAAJ
  
−
==X-Frame-Options==
+
==<div id="xfo">X-Frame-Options</div>==
  
−
X-Frame-Options response header improve the protection of web applications against Clickjacking. It declares a policy communicated from a host to the client browser on whether the browser must not display the transmitted content in frames of other web pages.
+
X-Frame-Options response header improve the protection of web applications against [https://www.owasp.org/index.php/Clickjacking Clickjacking]. It declares a policy communicated from a host to the client browser on whether the browser must not display the transmitted content in frames of other web pages.
  
 
===Values===
 
===Values===
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| allow-from: DOMAIN
 
| allow-from: DOMAIN
 
| Allows rendering if framed by frame loaded from DOMAIN.
 
| Allows rendering if framed by frame loaded from DOMAIN.
−
|-
 
−
| allowall
 
−
| Allows rendering.
 
 
|}
 
|}
  
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<code>X-Frame-Options: deny</code>
 
<code>X-Frame-Options: deny</code>
−
 
−
===Best Practices===
 
−
 
−
* Apache
 
−
:Add this line below into your site's configuration to configure Apache to send X-Frame-Options header for all pages.<br>
 
−
::<code>Header set X-Frame-Options DENY</code>
 
−
 
−
* nginx
 
−
:Add snippet below into configuration file to send X-Frame-Options header.<br>
 
−
::<code>add_header X-Frame-Options "DENY";</code>
 
−
 
−
* lighttpd
 
−
:Add snippet below into configuration file to send X-Frame-Options header.<br>
 
−
::<code>setenv.add-response-header = ("X-Frame-Options" => "DENY",)</code>
 
−
 
−
* IIS
 
  
 
===References===
 
===References===
  
 +
* https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7034
 
* https://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-ietf-websec-x-frame-options-01
 
* https://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-ietf-websec-x-frame-options-01
 
* https://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-ietf-websec-frame-options-00
 
* https://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-ietf-websec-frame-options-00
−
* https://www.owasp.org/index.php/List_of_useful_HTTP_headers
+
* https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/X-Frame-Options
 +
* https://www.owasp.org/index.php/Clickjacking
 +
* https://blogs.msdn.microsoft.com/ieinternals/2010/03/30/combating-clickjacking-with-x-frame-options/
  
−
==X-XSS-Protection==
+
==<div id="xxxsp">X-XSS-Protection</div>==
  
−
This header enables the Cross-site scripting (XSS) filter.
+
This header enables the [https://www.owasp.org/index.php/Cross-site_Scripting_(XSS) Cross-site scripting (XSS)] filter in your browser.
  
 
===Values===
 
===Values===
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<code>X-XSS-Protection: 1; mode=block</code>
 
<code>X-XSS-Protection: 1; mode=block</code>
−
 
−
===Best Practices===
 
−
 
−
Add appropriate snippet into configuration file.<br>
 
−
 
−
* Apache
 
−
:<code>Header set X-XSS-Protection: 1; mode=block</code>
 
−
 
−
* nginx
 
−
:<code>add_header X-XSS-Protection "1;mode=block";</code>
 
−
 
−
* lighttpd
 
−
:<code>setenv.add-response-header = ("X-XSS-Protection" => "1; mode=block",)</code>
 
−
 
−
* IIS
 
  
 
===References===
 
===References===
  
−
* https://www.owasp.org/index.php/List_of_useful_HTTP_headers
+
* https://www.owasp.org/index.php/Cross-site_Scripting_(XSS)
 
* https://www.virtuesecurity.com/blog/understanding-xss-auditor/
 
* https://www.virtuesecurity.com/blog/understanding-xss-auditor/
 
* https://www.veracode.com/blog/2014/03/guidelines-for-setting-security-headers
 
* https://www.veracode.com/blog/2014/03/guidelines-for-setting-security-headers
 
* http://zinoui.com/blog/security-http-headers#x-xss-protection
 
* http://zinoui.com/blog/security-http-headers#x-xss-protection
  
−
==X-Content-Type-Options==
+
==<div id="xcto">X-Content-Type-Options</div>==
  
−
Setting this header will prevent MSIE from interpreting files as something else than declared by the content type in the HTTP headers.
+
Setting this header will prevent the browser from [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Content_sniffing interpreting files as something else than declared by the content type] in the HTTP headers.
  
 
===Values===
 
===Values===
Line 297: Line 248:
 
|-  
 
|-  
 
| nosniff
 
| nosniff
−
| will prevent Internet Explorer from MIME-sniffing a response away from the declared content-type.
+
| Will prevent the browser from MIME-sniffing a response away from the declared content-type.
 
|}
 
|}
  
Line 303: Line 254:
  
 
<code>X-Content-Type-Options: nosniff</code>
 
<code>X-Content-Type-Options: nosniff</code>
−
 
−
===Best Practices===
 
−
 
−
Add appropriate snippet into configuration file.<br>
 
−
 
−
* Apache
 
−
:<code>Header set X-Content-Type-Options: nosniff</code>
 
−
 
−
* nginx
 
−
:<code>add_header X-Content-Type-Options "nosniff";</code>
 
−
 
−
* lighttpd
 
−
:<code>setenv.add-response-header = ("X-Content-Type-Options" => "nosniff",)</code>
 
−
 
−
* IIS
 
  
 
===References===
 
===References===
  
−
* https://www.owasp.org/index.php/List_of_useful_HTTP_headers
+
* https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/gg622941%28v=vs.85%29.aspx
 
* https://blogs.msdn.microsoft.com/ie/2008/09/02/ie8-security-part-vi-beta-2-update/
 
* https://blogs.msdn.microsoft.com/ie/2008/09/02/ie8-security-part-vi-beta-2-update/
  
−
==Content-Security-Policy==
+
==<div id="csp">Content-Security-Policy</div>==
  
−
Content Security Policy requires careful tuning and precise definition of the policy. If enabled, CSP has significant impact on the way browser renders pages (e.g., inline JavaScript disabled by default and must be explicitly allowed in policy). CSP prevents a wide range of attacks, including Cross-site scripting and other cross-site injections.
+
A Content Security Policy (CSP) requires careful tuning and precise definition of the policy. If enabled, CSP has significant impact on the way browsers render pages (e.g., inline JavaScript disabled by default and must be explicitly allowed in policy). CSP prevents a wide range of attacks, including [https://www.owasp.org/index.php/Cross-site_Scripting_(XSS) Cross-site scripting] and other cross-site injections.
  
 
===Values===
 
===Values===
Line 332: Line 268:
 
{| class="wikitable"
 
{| class="wikitable"
 
|-
 
|-
−
! Value
+
! Directive
 
! Description
 
! Description
 +
|-
 +
| base-uri
 +
| Define the base uri for relative uri.
 
|-  
 
|-  
 
| default-src
 
| default-src
Line 354: Line 293:
 
|-
 
|-
 
| frame-src
 
| frame-src
 +
| Deprecated and replaced by child-src. Define from where the protected resource can embed frames.
 +
|-
 +
| child-src
 
| Define from where the protected resource can embed frames.
 
| Define from where the protected resource can embed frames.
 +
|-
 +
| frame-ancestors
 +
| Define from where the protected resource can be embedded in frames.
 
|-
 
|-
 
| font-src
 
| font-src
Line 361: Line 306:
 
| connect-src
 
| connect-src
 
| Define which URIs the protected resource can load using script interfaces.
 
| Define which URIs the protected resource can load using script interfaces.
 +
|-
 +
| manifest-src
 +
| Define from where the protected resource can load manifest.
 
|-
 
|-
 
| form-action
 
| form-action
Line 376: Line 324:
 
| reflected-xss
 
| reflected-xss
 
| Instructs a user agent to activate or deactivate any heuristics used to filter or block reflected cross-site scripting attacks, equivalent to the effects of the non-standard X-XSS-Protection header.
 
| Instructs a user agent to activate or deactivate any heuristics used to filter or block reflected cross-site scripting attacks, equivalent to the effects of the non-standard X-XSS-Protection header.
 +
|-
 +
| block-all-mixed-content
 +
| Prevent user agent from loading mixed content.
 +
|-
 +
| upgrade-insecure-requests
 +
| Instructs user agent to download insecure resources using HTTPS.
 +
|-
 +
| referrer
 +
| Define information user agent must send in Referer header.
 
|-
 
|-
 
| report-uri
 
| report-uri
 
| Specifies a URI to which the user agent sends reports about policy violation.
 
| Specifies a URI to which the user agent sends reports about policy violation.
 +
|-
 +
| report-to
 +
| Specifies a group (defined in Report-To header) to which the user agent sends reports about policy violation.
 
|}
 
|}
  
Line 385: Line 345:
 
<code>Content-Security-Policy: script-src 'self'</code>
 
<code>Content-Security-Policy: script-src 'self'</code>
  
−
===Best Practices===
+
===References===
 +
 
 +
* https://www.w3.org/TR/CSP/
 +
* https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/Security/CSP
 +
* https://www.owasp.org/index.php/Content_Security_Policy
 +
* https://scotthelme.co.uk/content-security-policy-an-introduction/
 +
* https://report-uri.io
 +
* http://www.cspplayground.com/home
 +
* http://content-security-policy.com
 +
 
 +
==<div id="xpcdp">X-Permitted-Cross-Domain-Policies</div>==
 +
 
 +
A cross-domain policy file is an XML document that grants a web client, such as Adobe Flash Player or Adobe Acrobat (though not necessarily limited to these), permission to handle data across domains. When clients request content hosted on a particular source domain and that content make requests directed towards a domain other than its own, the remote domain needs to host a cross-domain policy file that grants access to the source domain, allowing the client to continue the transaction.
 +
Normally a meta-policy is declared in the master policy file, but for those who can’t write to the root directory, they can also declare a meta-policy using the X-Permitted-Cross-Domain-Policies HTTP response header.
 +
 
 +
===Values===
 +
 
 +
{| class="wikitable"
 +
|-
 +
! Value
 +
! Description
 +
|-
 +
| none
 +
| No policy files are allowed anywhere on the target server, including this master policy file.
 +
|-
 +
| master-only
 +
| Only this master policy file is allowed.
 +
|-
 +
| by-content-type
 +
| [HTTP/HTTPS only] Only policy files served with Content-Type: text/x-cross-domain-policy are allowed.
 +
|-
 +
| by-ftp-filename
 +
| [FTP only] Only policy files whose file names are crossdomain.xml (i.e. URLs ending in /crossdomain.xml) are allowed.
 +
|-
 +
| all
 +
| All policy files on this target domain are allowed.
 +
|}
 +
 
 +
===Example===
 +
 
 +
<code>X-Permitted-Cross-Domain-Policies: none</code>
 +
 
 +
===References===
 +
 
 +
* https://www.adobe.com/devnet-docs/acrobatetk/tools/AppSec/xdomain.html
 +
* https://www.adobe.com/devnet/adobe-media-server/articles/cross-domain-xml-for-streaming.html
 +
* https://www.perpetual-beta.org/weblog/security-headers.html#rule-8470-2-establish-a-cross-domain-meta-policy
 +
* https://danielnixon.org/http-security-headers/
 +
* https://rorsecurity.info/portfolio/new-http-headers-for-more-security
 +
* https://github.com/twitter/secureheaders/issues/88
 +
 
 +
==<div id="rp">Referrer-Policy</div>==
 +
 
 +
The Referrer-Policy HTTP header governs which referrer information, sent in the Referer header, should be included with requests made.
 +
 
 +
===Values===
 +
 
 +
{| class="wikitable"
 +
|-
 +
! Value
 +
! Description
 +
|-
 +
| no-referrer
 +
| The Referer header will be omitted entirely. No referrer information is sent along with requests.
 +
|-
 +
| no-referrer-when-downgrade
 +
| This is the user agent's default behavior if no policy is specified. The origin is sent as referrer to a-priori as-much-secure destination (HTTPS->HTTPS), but isn't sent to a less secure destination (HTTPS->HTTP).
 +
|-
 +
| origin
 +
| Only send the origin of the document as the referrer in all cases. The document <nowiki>https://example.com/page.html</nowiki> will send the referrer <nowiki>https://example.com/</nowiki>.
 +
|-
 +
| origin-when-cross-origin
 +
| Send a full URL when performing a same-origin request, but only send the origin of the document for other cases.
 +
|-
 +
| same-origin
 +
| A referrer will be sent for same-site origins, but cross-origin requests will contain no referrer information.
 +
|-
 +
| strict-origin
 +
| Only send the origin of the document as the referrer to a-priori as-much-secure destination (HTTPS->HTTPS), but don't send it to a less secure destination (HTTPS->HTTP).
 +
|-
 +
| strict-origin-when-cross-origin
 +
| Send a full URL when performing a same-origin request, only send the origin of the document to a-priori as-much-secure destination (HTTPS->HTTPS), and send no header to a less secure destination (HTTPS->HTTP).
 +
|-
 +
| unsafe-url
 +
| Send a full URL (stripped from parameters) when performing a a same-origin or cross-origin request.
 +
|}
 +
 
 +
===Example===
 +
 
 +
<code>Referrer-Policy: no-referrer</code>
 +
 
 +
===References===
 +
 
 +
* https://www.w3.org/TR/referrer-policy/
 +
* https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Headers/Referrer-Policy
 +
 
 +
==<div id="ect">Expect-CT</div>==
 +
 
 +
The Expect-CT header is used by a server to indicate that browsers should evaluate connections to the host emitting the header for [https://www.certificate-transparency.org Certificate Transparency] compliance.
 +
 
 +
===Values===
 +
 
 +
{| class="wikitable"
 +
|-
 +
! Value
 +
! Description
 +
|-
 +
| report-uri
 +
| The optional report-uri directive indicates the URL to which the browser should report Expect-CT failures.
 +
|-
 +
| enforce
 +
| The optional enforce directive is a valueless directive that, if present, signals to the browser that compliance to the CT Policy should be enforced (rather than report-only) and that the browser should refuse future connections that violate its CT Policy. When both the enforce directive and report-uri directive are present, the configuration is referred to as an "enforce-and-report" configuration, signalling to the browser both that compliance to the CT Policy should be enforced and that violations should be reported.
 +
|-
 +
| max-age
 +
| The max-age directive specifies the number of seconds after the reception of the Expect-CT header field during which the browser should regard the host from whom the message was received as a Known Expect-CT Host.
 +
|}
 +
 
 +
===Example===
 +
 
 +
<code>Expect-CT: max-age=86400, enforce, report-uri="https://foo.example/report"</code>
 +
 
 +
===References===
 +
 
 +
* https://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-ietf-httpbis-expect-ct-02
 +
* http://httpwg.org/http-extensions/expect-ct.html
 +
* https://scotthelme.co.uk/a-new-security-header-expect-ct/
 +
 
 +
==<div id="fp">Feature-Policy</div>==
 +
 
 +
The Feature-Policy header allows developers to selectively enable and disable use of various browser features and APIs..
 +
 
 +
===Values===
 +
 
 +
{| class="wikitable"
 +
|-
 +
! Value
 +
! Description
 +
|-
 +
| accelerometer
 +
| Controls access to accelerometer sensors on the device.
 +
|-
 +
| ambient-light-sensor
 +
| Controls access to ambient light sensors on the device.
 +
|-
 +
| autoplay
 +
| Controls access to autoplay through play() and autoplay.
 +
|-
 +
| camera
 +
| Controls access to video input devices.
 +
|-
 +
| encrypted-media
 +
| Controls whether requestMediaKeySystemAccess() is allowed.
 +
|-
 +
| fullscreen
 +
| Controls whether requestFullscreen() is allowed.
 +
|-
 +
| geolocation
 +
| Controls access to Geolocation interface.
 +
|-
 +
| gyroscope
 +
| Controls access to gyroscope sensors on the device.
 +
|-
 +
| magnetometer
 +
| Controls access to magnetometer sensors on the device.
 +
|-
 +
| microphone
 +
| Controls access to audio input devices.
 +
|-
 +
| midi
 +
| Controls access to requestMIDIAccess() method.
 +
|-
 +
| payment
 +
| Controls access to PaymentRequest interface.
 +
|-
 +
| picture-in-picture
 +
| Controls access to Picture in Picture.
 +
|-
 +
| speaker
 +
| Controls access to audio output devices.
 +
|-
 +
| usb
 +
| Controls access to USB devices.
 +
|-
 +
| vibrate
 +
| Controls access to vibrate() method.
 +
|-
 +
| vr
 +
| Controls access to VR displays.
 +
|}
 +
 
 +
===Example===
 +
 
 +
<code>Feature-Policy: vibrate 'none'; geolocation 'none'</code>
 +
 
 +
===References===
 +
 
 +
* https://wicg.github.io/feature-policy/
 +
* https://github.com/WICG/feature-policy/blob/master/features.md
 +
* https://scotthelme.co.uk/a-new-security-header-feature-policy/
 +
 
 +
=Compatibility Matrix=
 +
 
 +
==Browser Support==
 +
 
 +
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
 +
!  !! Internet Explorer !! Edge !! Firefox !! Chrome !! Safari !! Opera !! Android
 +
|-
 +
! HTTP Strict Transport Security (HSTS)
 +
| 11 || 13 || 47 || 49 || 9.1 || 39 || 4.4
 +
|-
 +
! Public Key Pinning Extension for HTTP (HPKP)
 +
| NS || NS || 47 || 49 || NS || 39 || 51
 +
|-
 +
! X-Frame-Options
 +
| 8 || 13 || 47 || 49 || 9.1 || 39 || 4.4
 +
|-
 +
! X-XSS-Protection
 +
| 8 ||  || NS || 4+ ||  ||  ||
 +
|-
 +
! X-Content-Type-Options
 +
| 8 ||  || 51 || 1.0 || NS || 13 ||
 +
|-
 +
! Content-Security-Policy
 +
| 11 || 13 || 47 || 49 || 9.1 || 39 || 4.4
 +
|-
 +
! X-Permitted-Cross-Domain-Policies
 +
|  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||
 +
|-
 +
! Referrer-Policy
 +
|NS||NS||50||56||NS||43||
 +
|-
 +
! Expect-CT
 +
| || || || 61 || || 48 ||
 +
|-
 +
! Feature-Policy
 +
| || || || || || ||
 +
|}
 +
 
 +
NS = Not Supported
 +
 
 +
+ = Specified version and above
 +
 
 +
==References==
 +
 
 +
* HTTP Strict Transport Security (HSTS)
 +
** https://blogs.windows.com/msedgedev/2015/06/09/http-strict-transport-security-comes-to-internet-explorer-11-on-windows-8-1-and-windows-7/
 +
** https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTP_Strict_Transport_Security
 +
** https://www.owasp.org/index.php/HTTP_Strict_Transport_Security_Cheat_Sheet
 +
** http://caniuse.com/#search=HSTS
 +
* Public Key Pinning Extension for HTTP (HPKP)
 +
** http://caniuse.com/#search=Public%20Key%20Pinning
 +
** https://groups.google.com/a/chromium.org/forum/m/#!msg/blink-dev/he9tr7p3rZ8/eNMwKPmUBAAJ
 +
* X-Frame-Options
 +
** http://caniuse.com/#search=X-Frame-Options
 +
* X-XSS-Protection
 +
** https://wiki.mozilla.org/Security/Features/XSS_Filter
 +
** https://blogs.msdn.microsoft.com/ieinternals/2011/01/31/controlling-the-xss-filter/
 +
* X-Content-Type-Options
 +
** https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Headers/X-Content-Type-Options
 +
* Content-Security-Policy
 +
** http://caniuse.com/#search=Content%20Security%20Policy
 +
* X-Permitted-Cross-Domain-Policies
 +
** https://www.adobe.com/devnet-docs/acrobatetk/tools/AppSec/xdomain.html
 +
* Referrer-Policy
 +
** https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Headers/Referrer-Policy
 +
* Expect-CT
 +
** https://www.chromestatus.com/feature/5677171733430272
 +
* Feature-Policy
 +
** [update needed]
 +
 
 +
=Stats=
 +
Coming soon... for now check [https://oshp.bsecteam.com this].
 +
 
 +
=Technical Resources=
 +
This section cover a list of tools to analyze, develop and administrate HTTP secure headers in order to help achieve more secure and trustworthy web systems.
 +
 
 +
{| width="100%" cellpadding="7" cellspacing="0" <col width="325"><col width="316">
 +
! ead |
 +
|- valign="top"
 +
| width="50%" bgcolor="#d9d9d9" style="border: 1.00pt solid #000001; padding: 0.18cm" | '''Analysis Tools'''
 +
| width="“50%”" bgcolor="#d9d9d9" style="border: 1.00pt solid #000001; padding: 0.18cm" | '''Reference'''
 +
 
 +
|- valign="top"
 +
| width="“50%”" style="border: 1.00pt solid #000001; padding: 0.18cm" |
 +
'''hsecscan'''
 +
 
 +
<font size="2" style="font-size: 9pt”">
 +
A security scanner for HTTP response headers.
 +
</font>
 +
 
 +
| width="“50%”" style="border: 1.00pt solid #000001; padding: 0.18cm" |
 +
<font size="2" style="font-size: 9pt">
 +
* Github: https://github.com/riramar/hsecscan
 +
</font>
 +
 
 +
|- valign="top"
 +
| width="“50%”" style="border: 1.00pt solid #000001; padding: 0.18cm" |
 +
'''headers'''
 +
 
 +
<font size="2" style="font-size: 9pt”">
 +
Python script to get some response headers from Alexa top sites file and store in a MySQL database.
 +
</font>
 +
 
 +
| width="“50%”" style="border: 1.00pt solid #000001; padding: 0.18cm" |
 +
<font size="2" style="font-size: 9pt">
 +
* Github: https://github.com/oshp/headers/
 +
</font>
 +
 
 +
|- valign="top"
 +
| width="“50%”" style="border: 1.00pt solid #000001; padding: 0.18cm" |
 +
'''securityheaders.io'''
 +
 
 +
<font size="2" style="font-size: 9pt">
 +
There are services out there that will analyse the HTTP response headers of other sites but I also wanted to add a rating system to the results. The HTTP response headers that this site analyses provide huge levels of protection and it's important that sites deploy them. Hopefully, by providing an easy mechanism to assess them, and further information on how to deploy missing headers, we can drive up the usage of security based headers across the web.
 +
</font>
 +
 
 +
| width="“50%”" style="border: 1.00pt solid #000001; padding: 0.18cm" |
 +
<font size="2" style="font-size: 9pt">
 +
* Site: https://securityheaders.io/
 +
</font>
 +
 
 +
|- valign="top"
 +
| width="“50%”" style="border: 1.00pt solid #000001; padding: 0.18cm" |
 +
'''Mozilla Observatory'''
 +
 
 +
<font size="2" style="font-size: 9pt">
 +
A Mozilla project designed to help developers, system administrators, and security professionals configure their sites safely and securely.
 +
</font>
 +
 
 +
| width="“50%”" style="border: 1.00pt solid #000001; padding: 0.18cm" |
 +
<font size="2" style="font-size: 9pt">
 +
* Site: https://mozilla.github.io/http-observatory-website/
 +
</font>
 +
 
 +
|- valign="top"
 +
| width="“50%”" style="border: 1.00pt solid #000001; padding: 0.18cm" |
 +
'''High-Tech Bridge Web Security Scanner'''
 +
 
 +
<font size="2" style="font-size: 9pt">
 +
An online service that will retrieve and analyse headers syntax and proper configuration in a comprehensive way. It will be able for instance to highlight Public-Key-Pins that matches one certificate of the chain or if Content-Security-Policy contains values that could be unsafe or too permissive.
 +
</font>
 +
 
 +
| width="“50%”" style="border: 1.00pt solid #000001; padding: 0.18cm" |
 +
<font size="2" style="font-size: 9pt”">
 +
* Site: https://www.htbridge.com/websec/
 +
</font>
 +
 
 +
|- valign="top"
 +
| width="“50%”" style="border: 1.00pt solid #000001; padding: 0.18cm" |
 +
'''Check Your Headers'''
 +
 
 +
<font size="2" style="font-size: 9pt">
 +
Just another web scanner for HTTP response headers.
 +
</font>
 +
 
 +
| width="“50%”" style="border: 1.00pt solid #000001; padding: 0.18cm" |
 +
<font size="2" style="font-size: 9pt”">
 +
* Site: https://cyh.herokuapp.com/cyh
 +
</font>
 +
 
 +
|- valign="top"
 +
| width="“50%”" style="border: 1.00pt solid #000001; padding: 0.18cm" |
 +
'''Recx Security Analyser'''
 +
 
 +
<font size="2" style="font-size: 9pt">
 +
Chrome extension that allows the inspection of security aspects of a site's HTTP headers, cookies and other key security settings.
 +
</font>
 +
 
 +
| width="“50%”" style="border: 1.00pt solid #000001; padding: 0.18cm" |
 +
<font size="2" style="font-size: 9pt”">
 +
* Site: https://chrome.google.com/webstore/detail/recx-security-analyser/ljafjhbjenhgcgnikniijchkngljgjda
 +
</font>
 +
 
 +
|- valign="top"
 +
| width="“50%”" style="border: 1.00pt solid #000001; padding: 0.18cm" |
 +
'''KickOff'''
 +
 
 +
<font size="2" style="font-size: 9pt">
 +
While each project you launch may have a different feature set, they often share many of the same performance, SEO and security requirements. This tool aims to automate the process of checking your list of requirements shortly before launch or directly after a deployment.
 +
</font>
 +
 
 +
| width="“50%”" style="border: 1.00pt solid #000001; padding: 0.18cm" |
 +
<font size="2" style="font-size: 9pt”">
 +
* Site: https://github.com/frickelbruder/kickoff
 +
</font>
 +
 
 +
|- valign="top"
 +
| width="“50%”" style="border: 1.00pt solid #000001; padding: 0.18cm" |
 +
'''testssl.sh'''
 +
 
 +
<font size="2" style="font-size: 9pt">
 +
Easy to use shell script which tests not only SSL/TLS encryption but also checks common headers and analyzes those. Output is screen, JSON, CSV and HTML.
 +
</font>
 +
 
 +
| width="“50%”" style="border: 1.00pt solid #000001; padding: 0.18cm" |
 +
<font size="2" style="font-size: 9pt”">
 +
* Site: https://github.com/drwetter/testssl.sh
 +
</font>
 +
 
 +
|- valign="top"
 +
| width="“50%”" style="border: 1.00pt solid #000001; padding: 0.18cm" |
 +
'''DrHEADer'''
 +
 
 +
<font size="2" style="font-size: 9pt">
 +
DrHEADer helps with the audit of security headers received in response to a single request or a list of requests.
 +
</font>
 +
 
 +
| width="“50%”" style="border: 1.00pt solid #000001; padding: 0.18cm" |
 +
<font size="2" style="font-size: 9pt”">
 +
* Site: https://github.com/Santandersecurityresearch/DrHeader
 +
</font>
 +
 
 +
|}
 +
 
 +
{| width="100%" cellpadding="7" cellspacing="0" <col width="325"><col width="316">
 +
! ead |
 +
|- valign="top"
 +
| width="50%" bgcolor="#d9d9d9" style="border: 1.00pt solid #000001; padding: 0.18cm" | '''Development Libraries'''
 +
| width="“50%”" bgcolor="#d9d9d9" style="border: 1.00pt solid #000001; padding: 0.18cm" | '''Language'''
 +
| width="“50%”" bgcolor="#d9d9d9" style="border: 1.00pt solid #000001; padding: 0.18cm" | '''Reference'''
 +
 
 +
|- valign="top"
 +
| width="“50%”" style="border: 1.00pt solid #000001; padding: 0.18cm" |
 +
'''secureheaders'''
 +
 
 +
<font size="2" style="font-size: 9pt">
 +
Security related headers all in one gem.
 +
</font>
 +
 
 +
| width="“50%”" style="border: 1.00pt solid #000001; padding: 0.18cm" |
 +
<font size="2" style="font-size: 9pt”">
 +
* Ruby
 +
</font>
 +
 
 +
| width="“50%”" style="border: 1.00pt solid #000001; padding: 0.18cm" |
 +
<font size="2" style="font-size: 9pt”">
 +
* Github: https://github.com/twitter/secureheaders
 +
</font>
 +
 
 +
|- valign="top"
 +
| width="“50%”" style="border: 1.00pt solid #000001; padding: 0.18cm" |
 +
'''Security Header Injection Module (SHIM)'''
 +
 
 +
<font size="2" style="font-size: 9pt”">
 +
SHIM is a HTTP module that provides protection for many vulnerabilities by injecting security-specific HTTP headers into ASP.NET web applications.
 +
</font>
 +
 
 +
| width="“50%”" style="border: 1.00pt solid #000001; padding: 0.18cm" |
 +
<font size="2" style="font-size: 9pt”">
 +
* ASP.NET
 +
</font>
 +
 
 +
| width="“50%”" style="border: 1.00pt solid #000001; padding: 0.18cm" |
 +
 
 +
<font size="2" style="font-size: 9pt">
 +
* Site: https://shim.codeplex.com/
 +
</font>
 +
 
 +
|- valign="top"
 +
| width="“50%”" style="border: 1.00pt solid #000001; padding: 0.18cm" |
 +
'''Spring Security'''
 +
 
 +
<font size="2" style="font-size: 9pt”">
 +
Spring Security’s support for adding various security headers to the response.
 +
</font>
 +
 
 +
| width="“50%”" style="border: 1.00pt solid #000001; padding: 0.18cm" |
 +
<font size="2" style="font-size: 9pt”">
 +
* Java
 +
</font>
 +
 
 +
| width="“50%”" style="border: 1.00pt solid #000001; padding: 0.18cm" |
 +
 
 +
<font size="2" style="font-size: 9pt">
 +
* Site: http://docs.spring.io/spring-security/site/docs/current/reference/html/headers.html
 +
</font>
 +
 
 +
|- valign="top"
 +
| width="“50%”" style="border: 1.00pt solid #000001; padding: 0.18cm" |
 +
'''SecureHeaders'''
 +
 
 +
<font size="2" style="font-size: 9pt”">
 +
A PHP class aiming to make the use of browser security features more accessible.
 +
</font>
 +
 
 +
| width="“50%”" style="border: 1.00pt solid #000001; padding: 0.18cm" |
 +
<font size="2" style="font-size: 9pt”">
 +
* PHP
 +
</font>
 +
 
 +
| width="“50%”" style="border: 1.00pt solid #000001; padding: 0.18cm" |
 +
 
 +
<font size="2" style="font-size: 9pt">
 +
* Site: https://github.com/aidantwoods/SecureHeaders
 +
</font>
 +
 
 +
|- valign="top"
 +
| width="“50%”" style="border: 1.00pt solid #000001; padding: 0.18cm" |
 +
'''rack-secure_headers'''
 +
 
 +
<font size="2" style="font-size: 9pt”">
 +
Security related HTTP headers for Rack applications.
 +
</font>
 +
 
 +
| width="“50%”" style="border: 1.00pt solid #000001; padding: 0.18cm" |
 +
<font size="2" style="font-size: 9pt”">
 +
* Rack
 +
</font>
 +
 
 +
| width="“50%”" style="border: 1.00pt solid #000001; padding: 0.18cm" |
 +
 
 +
<font size="2" style="font-size: 9pt">
 +
* Site: https://github.com/frodsan/rack-secure_headers
 +
</font>
 +
 
 +
|- valign="top"
 +
| width="“50%”" style="border: 1.00pt solid #000001; padding: 0.18cm" |
 +
'''helmet and hood'''
 +
 
 +
<font size="2" style="font-size: 9pt”">
 +
Node.js (express).
 +
</font>
 +
 
 +
| width="“50%”" style="border: 1.00pt solid #000001; padding: 0.18cm" |
 +
<font size="2" style="font-size: 9pt”">
 +
* Node.js (express)
 +
</font>
 +
 
 +
| width="“50%”" style="border: 1.00pt solid #000001; padding: 0.18cm" |
 +
 
 +
<font size="2" style="font-size: 9pt">
 +
* Site: https://github.com/helmetjs/helmet
 +
* Site: https://github.com/seanmonstar/hood
 +
</font>
 +
 
 +
|- valign="top"
 +
| width="“50%”" style="border: 1.00pt solid #000001; padding: 0.18cm" |
 +
'''blankie'''
 +
 
 +
<font size="2" style="font-size: 9pt”">
 +
A CSP plugin for hapi.
 +
</font>
 +
 
 +
| width="“50%”" style="border: 1.00pt solid #000001; padding: 0.18cm" |
 +
<font size="2" style="font-size: 9pt”">
 +
* Node.js (hapi)
 +
</font>
 +
 
 +
| width="“50%”" style="border: 1.00pt solid #000001; padding: 0.18cm" |
 +
 
 +
<font size="2" style="font-size: 9pt">
 +
* Site: https://github.com/nlf/blankie
 +
</font>
 +
 
 +
|- valign="top"
 +
| width="“50%”" style="border: 1.00pt solid #000001; padding: 0.18cm" |
 +
'''NWebsec'''
 +
 
 +
<font size="2" style="font-size: 9pt”">
 +
NWebsec consists of several security libraries for ASP.NET applications.
 +
</font>
 +
 
 +
| width="“50%”" style="border: 1.00pt solid #000001; padding: 0.18cm" |
 +
<font size="2" style="font-size: 9pt”">
 +
* ASP.NET
 +
</font>
 +
 
 +
| width="“50%”" style="border: 1.00pt solid #000001; padding: 0.18cm" |
 +
 
 +
<font size="2" style="font-size: 9pt">
 +
* Site: https://docs.nwebsec.com
 +
</font>
 +
 
 +
|- valign="top"
 +
| width="“50%”" style="border: 1.00pt solid #000001; padding: 0.18cm" |
 +
'''django-csp + commonware; django-security'''
 +
 
 +
<font size="2" style="font-size: 9pt”">
 +
django-csp + commonware; django-security.
 +
</font>
 +
 
 +
| width="“50%”" style="border: 1.00pt solid #000001; padding: 0.18cm" |
 +
<font size="2" style="font-size: 9pt”">
 +
* Python
 +
</font>
 +
 
 +
| width="“50%”" style="border: 1.00pt solid #000001; padding: 0.18cm" |
 +
 
 +
<font size="2" style="font-size: 9pt">
 +
* Site: https://github.com/mozilla/django-csp
 +
* Site: https://github.com/jsocol/commonware/
 +
* Site: https://github.com/sdelements/django-security
 +
</font>
 +
 
 +
|- valign="top"
 +
| width="“50%”" style="border: 1.00pt solid #000001; padding: 0.18cm" |
 +
'''Secure'''
 +
 
 +
<font size="2" style="font-size: 9pt”">
 +
Secure is a lightweight package that adds optional security headers and cookie attributes for Python web frameworks.
 +
</font>
 +
 
 +
| width="“50%”" style="border: 1.00pt solid #000001; padding: 0.18cm" |
 +
<font size="2" style="font-size: 9pt”">
 +
* Python
 +
</font>
 +
 
 +
| width="“50%”" style="border: 1.00pt solid #000001; padding: 0.18cm" |
 +
 
 +
<font size="2" style="font-size: 9pt">
 +
* Site: https://github.com/cakinney/secure
 +
</font>
 +
 
 +
|- valign="top"
 +
| width="“50%”" style="border: 1.00pt solid #000001; padding: 0.18cm" |
 +
'''secureheader'''
 +
 
 +
<font size="2" style="font-size: 9pt”">
 +
Package secureheader adds some HTTP header fields widely considered to improve safety of HTTP requests.
 +
</font>
 +
 
 +
| width="“50%”" style="border: 1.00pt solid #000001; padding: 0.18cm" |
 +
<font size="2" style="font-size: 9pt”">
 +
* Go
 +
</font>
 +
 
 +
| width="“50%”" style="border: 1.00pt solid #000001; padding: 0.18cm" |
 +
 
 +
<font size="2" style="font-size: 9pt">
 +
* Site: https://github.com/kr/secureheader
 +
</font>
 +
 
 +
|- valign="top"
 +
| width="“50%”" style="border: 1.00pt solid #000001; padding: 0.18cm" |
 +
'''secure_headers'''
 +
 
 +
<font size="2" style="font-size: 9pt”">
 +
This Plug will automatically apply several security headers to the Plug.Conn response. By design SecureHeaders will attempt to apply the most strict security policy. Although, security headers are configurable and are validated to avoid misconfiguration.
 +
</font>
 +
 
 +
| width="“50%”" style="border: 1.00pt solid #000001; padding: 0.18cm" |
 +
<font size="2" style="font-size: 9pt”">
 +
* Elixir
 +
</font>
 +
 
 +
| width="“50%”" style="border: 1.00pt solid #000001; padding: 0.18cm" |
 +
 
 +
<font size="2" style="font-size: 9pt">
 +
* Site: https://github.com/anotherhale/secure_headers
 +
</font>
 +
 
 +
|- valign="top"
 +
| width="“50%”" style="border: 1.00pt solid #000001; padding: 0.18cm" |
 +
'''dropwizard-web-security'''
 +
 
 +
<font size="2" style="font-size: 9pt”">
 +
A bundle for applying default web security functionality to a dropwizard application.
 +
</font>
 +
 
 +
| width="“50%”" style="border: 1.00pt solid #000001; padding: 0.18cm" |
 +
<font size="2" style="font-size: 9pt”">
 +
* Dropwizard
 +
</font>
 +
 
 +
| width="“50%”" style="border: 1.00pt solid #000001; padding: 0.18cm" |
 +
 
 +
<font size="2" style="font-size: 9pt">
 +
* Site: https://github.com/palantir/dropwizard-web-security
 +
</font>
 +
 
 +
|- valign="top"
 +
| width="“50%”" style="border: 1.00pt solid #000001; padding: 0.18cm" |
 +
'''ember-cli-content-security-policy'''
 +
 
 +
<font size="2" style="font-size: 9pt”">
 +
This addon makes it easy to use Content Security Policy (CSP) in your project. It can be deployed either via a Content-Security-Policy header sent from the Ember CLI Express server, or as a meta tag in the index.html file.
 +
</font>
 +
 
 +
| width="“50%”" style="border: 1.00pt solid #000001; padding: 0.18cm" |
 +
<font size="2" style="font-size: 9pt”">
 +
* Ember.js
 +
</font>
 +
 
 +
| width="“50%”" style="border: 1.00pt solid #000001; padding: 0.18cm" |
 +
 
 +
<font size="2" style="font-size: 9pt">
 +
* Site: https://github.com/rwjblue/ember-cli-content-security-policy/
 +
</font>
 +
 
 +
|}
 +
 
 +
{| width="100%" cellpadding="7" cellspacing="0" <col width="325"><col width="316">
 +
! ead |
 +
|- valign="top"
 +
| width="50%" bgcolor="#d9d9d9" style="border: 1.00pt solid #000001; padding: 0.18cm" | '''Operation Tools'''
 +
| width="“50%”" bgcolor="#d9d9d9" style="border: 1.00pt solid #000001; padding: 0.18cm" | '''Web Servers Supported'''
 +
| width="“50%”" bgcolor="#d9d9d9" style="border: 1.00pt solid #000001; padding: 0.18cm" | '''Reference'''
 +
 
 +
|- valign="top"
 +
| width="“50%”" style="border: 1.00pt solid #000001; padding: 0.18cm" |
 +
'''http_hardening'''
 +
 
 +
<font size="2" style="“font-size:9pt&quot;">
 +
Puppet module to enable, configure and manage secure http headers on web servers.
 +
</font>
 +
 
 +
| width="“50%”" style="border: 1.00pt solid #000001; padding: 0.18cm" |
 +
<font size="2" style="font-size: 9pt”">
 +
* Apache HTTP Server
 +
* NGINX
 +
* Lighttpd
 +
</font>
 +
 
 +
| width="“50%”" style="border: 1.00pt solid #000001; padding: 0.18cm" |
 +
<font size="2" style="font-size: 9pt”">
 +
* Github: https://github.com/amenezes/http_hardening
 +
* Puppet Forge: https://forge.puppet.com/amenezes/http_hardening
 +
</font>
 +
 
 +
|}
 +
 
 +
=Top Websites Examples=
 +
 
 +
HTTP response headers from the top websites in the world.
 +
 
 +
Command used to extract the headers:
 +
 
 +
<code>curl -L -A "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/50.0.2661.102 Safari/537.36" -s -D - <nowiki>https://www.example.com</nowiki> -o /dev/null</code>
 +
 
 +
==Google==
 +
 
 +
<pre>
 +
$ curl -L -A "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/62.0.3202.89 Safari/537.36" -s -D - https://www.google.com -o /dev/null
 +
HTTP/1.1 302 Found
 +
Location: https://www.google.com.br/?gws_rd=cr&dcr=0&ei=rtcKWpnkNYaawATUn6agCg
 +
Cache-Control: private
 +
Content-Type: text/html; charset=UTF-8
 +
P3P: CP="This is not a P3P policy! See g.co/p3phelp for more info."
 +
Date: Tue, 14 Nov 2017 11:46:54 GMT
 +
Server: gws
 +
Content-Length: 273
 +
X-XSS-Protection: 1; mode=block
 +
X-Frame-Options: SAMEORIGIN
 +
Set-Cookie: NID=117=GENZIllQGZFmhCBmap1YThta_hUvvZ9Xm517XXWpF9eCKNqW6_luvZm1b_ai7BN4lAA2pP2Z22BveHqjUrqZxpY38NKSYLKWFGrVh6tGAHcbNw6OHQ_F77bNJWV0BZOZ; expires=Wed, 16-May-2018 11:46:54 GMT; path=/; domain=.google.com; HttpOnly
 +
Alt-Svc: quic=":443"; ma=2592000; v="41,39,38,37,35"
 +
 
 +
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
 +
Date: Tue, 14 Nov 2017 11:46:55 GMT
 +
Expires: -1
 +
Cache-Control: private, max-age=0
 +
Content-Type: text/html; charset=UTF-8
 +
Strict-Transport-Security: max-age=3600
 +
P3P: CP="This is not a P3P policy! See g.co/p3phelp for more info."
 +
Server: gws
 +
X-XSS-Protection: 1; mode=block
 +
X-Frame-Options: SAMEORIGIN
 +
Set-Cookie: 1P_JAR=2017-11-14-11; expires=Thu, 14-Dec-2017 11:46:55 GMT; path=/; domain=.google.com.br
 +
Set-Cookie: NID=117=fR73jhascV3B9fbiVfYdvGlilR_tgYNhela9rXdCavJiJoYpkNSTq0NtFqNSV8im602zM7Of-S1GUr_ncSuT3p6tzlw3e6_9ccqPttSuniTHWZEgBtUL1VXTgXBdjKMe; expires=Wed, 16-May-2018 11:46:55 GMT; path=/; domain=.google.com.br; HttpOnly
 +
Alt-Svc: quic=":443"; ma=2592000; v="41,39,38,37,35"
 +
Accept-Ranges: none
 +
Vary: Accept-Encoding
 +
Transfer-Encoding: chunked
 +
</pre>
 +
 
 +
==Facebook==
 +
 
 +
<pre>
 +
$ curl -L -A "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/62.0.3202.89 Safari/537.36" -s -D - https://www.facebook.com -o /dev/null
 +
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
 +
X-XSS-Protection: 0
 +
Pragma: no-cache
 +
content-security-policy: default-src * data: blob:;script-src *.facebook.com *.fbcdn.net *.facebook.net *.google-analytics.com *.virtualearth.net *.google.com 127.0.0.1:* *.spotilocal.com:* 'unsafe-inline' 'unsafe-eval' fbstatic-a.akamaihd.net fbcdn-static-b-a.akamaihd.net *.atlassolutions.com blob: data: 'self';style-src data: blob: 'unsafe-inline' *;connect-src *.facebook.com *.fbcdn.net *.facebook.net *.spotilocal.com:* *.akamaihd.net wss://*.facebook.com:* https://fb.scanandcleanlocal.com:* *.atlassolutions.com attachment.fbsbx.com ws://localhost:* blob: *.cdninstagram.com 'self' chrome-extension://boadgeojelhgndaghljhdicfkmllpafd chrome-extension://dliochdbjfkdbacpmhlcpmleaejidimm;
 +
Cache-Control: private, no-cache, no-store, must-revalidate
 +
X-Frame-Options: DENY
 +
expect-ct: max-age=10, report-uri="http://reports.fb.com/expectct/"
 +
Strict-Transport-Security: max-age=15552000; preload
 +
X-Content-Type-Options: nosniff
 +
Expires: Sat, 01 Jan 2000 00:00:00 GMT
 +
Set-Cookie: fr=0Bf96eRMD0zCulvzh..BaCtgp.jl.AAA.0.0.BaCtgp.AWVGQojt; expires=Mon, 12-Feb-2018 11:48:57 GMT; Max-Age=7776000; path=/; domain=.facebook.com; secure; httponly
 +
Set-Cookie: sb=KdgKWqMf8J84KfUg99AxaG1B; expires=Thu, 14-Nov-2019 11:48:57 GMT; Max-Age=63072000; path=/; domain=.facebook.com; secure; httponly
 +
Vary: Accept-Encoding
 +
Content-Type: text/html; charset=UTF-8
 +
X-FB-Debug: llncdeFRYCCoWkXqx2VCdUGtdHZvjsr6OA7JNrtEe18ZuZAqcKCH4km9SSkNTHIcuXmzwRMzyBQt0Uz7T6ltQg==
 +
Date: Tue, 14 Nov 2017 11:48:57 GMT
 +
Transfer-Encoding: chunked
 +
Connection: keep-alive
 +
</pre>
 +
 
 +
==Twitter==
 +
 
 +
<pre>
 +
$ curl -L -A "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/62.0.3202.89 Safari/537.36" -s -D - https://www.twitter.com -o /dev/null
 +
HTTP/1.1 301 Moved Permanently
 +
content-length: 0
 +
date: Tue, 14 Nov 2017 11:50:11 GMT
 +
location: https://twitter.com/
 +
server: tsa_d
 +
set-cookie: personalization_id="v1_nyz+ctxxDiBbh4s6VjzQIg=="; Expires=Thu, 14 Nov 2019 11:50:11 UTC; Path=/; Domain=.twitter.com
 +
set-cookie: guest_id=v1%3A151066021116455299; Expires=Thu, 14 Nov 2019 11:50:11 UTC; Path=/; Domain=.twitter.com
 +
strict-transport-security: max-age=631138519
 +
x-connection-hash: d9a9eea848268dae67e7743d5bfd2dd5
 +
x-response-time: 135
 +
 
 +
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
 +
cache-control: no-cache, no-store, must-revalidate, pre-check=0, post-check=0
 +
content-length: 345977
 +
content-security-policy: script-src https://connect.facebook.net https://cm.g.doubleclick.net https://ssl.google-analytics.com https://graph.facebook.com 'nonce-f/+1f61E6Z0qq8p+L4UIQw==' https://twitter.com 'unsafe-eval' https://*.twimg.com https://api.twitter.com https://analytics.twitter.com https://publish.twitter.com https://ton.twitter.com https://syndication.twitter.com https://www.google.com https://t.tellapart.com https://platform.twitter.com https://www.google-analytics.com blob: 'self'; frame-ancestors 'self'; font-src https://twitter.com https://*.twimg.com data: https://ton.twitter.com https://fonts.gstatic.com https://maxcdn.bootstrapcdn.com https://netdna.bootstrapcdn.com 'self'; media-src https://rmpdhdsnappytv-vh.akamaihd.net https://prod-video-eu-central-1.pscp.tv https://v.cdn.vine.co https://dwo3ckksxlb0v.cloudfront.net https://twitter.com https://amp.twimg.com https://smmdhdsnappytv-vh.akamaihd.net https://*.twimg.com https://prod-video-eu-west-1.pscp.tv https://rmmdhdsnappytv-vh.akamaihd.net https://prod-video-us-west-2.pscp.tv https://prod-video-us-west-1.pscp.tv https://prod-video-ap-northeast-1.pscp.tv https://smdhdsnappytv-vh.akamaihd.net https://ton.twitter.com https://rmdhdsnappytv-vh.akamaihd.net https://mmdhdsnappytv-vh.akamaihd.net https://smpdhdsnappytv-vh.akamaihd.net https://prod-video-sa-east-1.pscp.tv https://mdhdsnappytv-vh.akamaihd.net https://prod-video-ap-southeast-2.pscp.tv https://mtc.cdn.vine.co https://dev-video-us-west-2.pscp.tv https://prod-video-us-east-1.pscp.tv blob: 'self' https://prod-video-ap-southeast-1.pscp.tv https://mpdhdsnappytv-vh.akamaihd.net https://dev-video-eu-west-1.pscp.tv; connect-src https://rmpdhdsnappytv-vh.akamaihd.net https://prod-video-eu-central-1.pscp.tv https://graph.facebook.com https://*.giphy.com https://dwo3ckksxlb0v.cloudfront.net https://vmaprel.snappytv.com https://smmdhdsnappytv-vh.akamaihd.net https://*.twimg.com https://embed.pscp.tv https://api.twitter.com https://prod-video-eu-west-1.pscp.tv https://rmmdhdsnappytv-vh.akamaihd.net https://prod-video-us-west-2.pscp.tv https://pay.twitter.com https://prod-video-us-west-1.pscp.tv https://analytics.twitter.com https://vmap.snappytv.com https://*.twprobe.net https://prod-video-ap-northeast-1.pscp.tv https://smdhdsnappytv-vh.akamaihd.net https://syndication.twitter.com https://sentry.io https://rmdhdsnappytv-vh.akamaihd.net https://media.riffsy.com https://mmdhdsnappytv-vh.akamaihd.net https://embed.periscope.tv https://smpdhdsnappytv-vh.akamaihd.net https://prod-video-sa-east-1.pscp.tv https://vmapstage.snappytv.com https://upload.twitter.com https://proxsee.pscp.tv https://mdhdsnappytv-vh.akamaihd.net https://prod-video-ap-southeast-2.pscp.tv https://dev-video-us-west-2.pscp.tv https://prod-video-us-east-1.pscp.tv 'self' https://vmap.grabyo.com https://prod-video-ap-southeast-1.pscp.tv https://mpdhdsnappytv-vh.akamaihd.net https://dev-video-eu-west-1.pscp.tv; style-src https://fonts.googleapis.com https://twitter.com https://*.twimg.com https://translate.googleapis.com https://ton.twitter.com 'unsafe-inline' https://platform.twitter.com https://maxcdn.bootstrapcdn.com https://netdna.bootstrapcdn.com 'self'; object-src https://twitter.com https://pbs.twimg.com; default-src 'self'; frame-src https://staticxx.facebook.com https://twitter.com https://*.twimg.com https://5415703.fls.doubleclick.net https://player.vimeo.com https://pay.twitter.com https://www.facebook.com https://ton.twitter.com https://syndication.twitter.com https://vine.co twitter: https://www.youtube.com https://platform.twitter.com https://upload.twitter.com https://s-static.ak.facebook.com https://4337974.fls.doubleclick.net https://8122179.fls.doubleclick.net 'self' https://donate.twitter.com; img-src https://prod-video-eu-central-1.pscp.tv https://prod-profile.pscp.tv https://graph.facebook.com https://prod-thumbnail.pscp.tv https://*.giphy.com https://twitter.com https://*.twimg.com https://ad.doubleclick.net https://prod-video-eu-west-1.pscp.tv data: https://prod-video-us-west-2.pscp.tv https://prod-video-us-west-1.pscp.tv https://prod-video-ap-northeast-1.pscp.tv https://lumiere-a.akamaihd.net https://fbcdn-profile-a.akamaihd.net https://www.facebook.com https://ton.twitter.com https://*.fbcdn.net https://syndication.twitter.com https://media.riffsy.com https://www.google.com https://prod-profile.periscope.tv https://prod-video-sa-east-1.pscp.tv https://stats.g.doubleclick.net https://platform.twitter.com https://prod-video-ap-southeast-2.pscp.tv https://api.mapbox.com https://www.google-analytics.com https://dev-video-us-west-2.pscp.tv https://prod-video-us-east-1.pscp.tv blob: https://prod-thumbnail-small.pscp.tv https://prod-thumbnail-small.periscope.tv 'self' https://prod-thumbnail.periscope.tv https://prod-video-ap-southeast-1.pscp.tv https://dev-video-eu-west-1.pscp.tv; report-uri https://twitter.com/i/csp_report?a=NVQWGYLXFVZXO2LGOQ%3D%3D%3D%3D%3D%3D&ro=false;
 +
content-type: text/html;charset=utf-8
 +
date: Tue, 14 Nov 2017 11:50:11 GMT
 +
expires: Tue, 31 Mar 1981 05:00:00 GMT
 +
last-modified: Tue, 14 Nov 2017 11:50:11 GMT
 +
pragma: no-cache
 +
server: tsa_d
 +
set-cookie: fm=0; Expires=Tue, 14 Nov 2017 11:50:02 UTC; Path=/; Domain=.twitter.com; Secure; HTTPOnly
 +
set-cookie: _twitter_sess=BAh7CSIKZmxhc2hJQzonQWN0aW9uQ29udHJvbGxlcjo6Rmxhc2g6OkZsYXNo%250ASGFzaHsABjoKQHVzZWR7ADoPY3JlYXRlZF9hdGwrCMOCXbpfAToMY3NyZl9p%250AZCIlOTk3MjYzYzc1NDhkOTA1ZTlhZTIyNGE2Zjk5Nzg0NTk6B2lkIiU0ODIw%250AZWRkNjc4Njg2M2IzYmI3ZTA3N2YxMTA4YzE5Nw%253D%253D--7abf7eef950088f9f728686ce29881ef501487dd; Path=/; Domain=.twitter.com; Secure; HTTPOnly
 +
set-cookie: personalization_id="v1_rrHzrB5h0Qs1Oz4uhOjFJg=="; Expires=Thu, 14 Nov 2019 11:50:11 UTC; Path=/; Domain=.twitter.com
 +
set-cookie: guest_id=v1%3A151066021139105511; Expires=Thu, 14 Nov 2019 11:50:11 UTC; Path=/; Domain=.twitter.com
 +
set-cookie: ct0=ba98c8a6cb4c664151a98c8bd9eb4b4d; Expires=Tue, 14 Nov 2017 17:50:11 UTC; Path=/; Domain=.twitter.com; Secure
 +
status: 200 OK
 +
strict-transport-security: max-age=631138519
 +
x-connection-hash: 769f9dcd87b9274776136b99b3181a44
 +
x-content-type-options: nosniff
 +
x-frame-options: SAMEORIGIN
 +
x-response-time: 359
 +
x-transaction: 007d216900cbc2ad
 +
x-twitter-response-tags: BouncerCompliant
 +
x-ua-compatible: IE=edge,chrome=1
 +
x-xss-protection: 1; mode=block
 +
</pre>
 +
 
 +
==Github==
 +
 
 +
<pre>
 +
$ curl -L -A "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/62.0.3202.89 Safari/537.36" -s -D - https://www.github.com -o /dev/null
 +
HTTP/1.1 301 Moved Permanently
 +
Content-length: 0
 +
Location: https://github.com/
 +
 
 +
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
 +
Server: GitHub.com
 +
Date: Tue, 14 Nov 2017 11:51:27 GMT
 +
Content-Type: text/html; charset=utf-8
 +
Transfer-Encoding: chunked
 +
Status: 200 OK
 +
Cache-Control: no-cache
 +
Vary: X-PJAX
 +
X-UA-Compatible: IE=Edge,chrome=1
 +
Set-Cookie: logged_in=no; domain=.github.com; path=/; expires=Sat, 14 Nov 2037 11:51:27 -0000; secure; HttpOnly
 +
Set-Cookie: _gh_sess=eyJzZXNzaW9uX2lkIjoiODI5ZGZjZDhlZDFlMjBjZTBhMTljMjk5ZDU1ZDBlODgiLCJsYXN0X3JlYWRfZnJvbV9yZXBsaWNhcyI6MTUxMDY2MDI4NzMxNywiX2NzcmZfdG9rZW4iOiIvTjkya2RHLzJJN2dtbU12eWQ3UGJDeTJ0aU1tZHJrci8wVzlpMi9yajFZPSJ9--5920790d2e11e8d4a32177a14ac25fae6e8f9789; path=/; secure; HttpOnly
 +
X-Request-Id: b31804a05047fd1326fe28cf3d6f33aa
 +
X-Runtime: 0.036845
 +
Expect-CT: max-age=2592000, report-uri="https://api.github.com/_private/browser/errors"
 +
Content-Security-Policy: default-src 'none'; base-uri 'self'; block-all-mixed-content; child-src render.githubusercontent.com; connect-src 'self' uploads.github.com status.github.com collector.githubapp.com api.github.com www.google-analytics.com github-cloud.s3.amazonaws.com github-production-repository-file-5c1aeb.s3.amazonaws.com github-production-upload-manifest-file-7fdce7.s3.amazonaws.com github-production-user-asset-6210df.s3.amazonaws.com wss://live.github.com; font-src assets-cdn.github.com; form-action 'self' github.com gist.github.com; frame-ancestors 'none'; img-src 'self' data: assets-cdn.github.com identicons.github.com collector.githubapp.com github-cloud.s3.amazonaws.com *.githubusercontent.com; media-src 'none'; script-src assets-cdn.github.com; style-src 'unsafe-inline' assets-cdn.github.com
 +
Strict-Transport-Security: max-age=31536000; includeSubdomains; preload
 +
Public-Key-Pins: max-age=0; pin-sha256="WoiWRyIOVNa9ihaBciRSC7XHjliYS9VwUGOIud4PB18="; pin-sha256="RRM1dGqnDFsCJXBTHky16vi1obOlCgFFn/yOhI/y+ho="; pin-sha256="k2v657xBsOVe1PQRwOsHsw3bsGT2VzIqz5K+59sNQws="; pin-sha256="K87oWBWM9UZfyddvDfoxL+8lpNyoUB2ptGtn0fv6G2Q="; pin-sha256="IQBnNBEiFuhj+8x6X8XLgh01V9Ic5/V3IRQLNFFc7v4="; pin-sha256="iie1VXtL7HzAMF+/PVPR9xzT80kQxdZeJ+zduCB3uj0="; pin-sha256="LvRiGEjRqfzurezaWuj8Wie2gyHMrW5Q06LspMnox7A="; includeSubDomains
 +
X-Content-Type-Options: nosniff
 +
X-Frame-Options: deny
 +
X-XSS-Protection: 1; mode=block
 +
X-Runtime-rack: 0.043225
 +
X-GitHub-Request-Id: 9AB0:25783:6A523:B814E:5A0AD8BE
 +
</pre>
 +
 
 +
=Best Practices=
 +
 
 +
Please note the best practices below suggest methods to change webserver configuration to add headers. Security headers can also be successfully added to your application at the software level as well in almost every web language. Many web frameworks add some of these headers automatically.
 +
 
 +
==Response Headers==
 +
 
 +
* [[#hsts_bp | HTTP Strict Transport Security (HSTS)]]
 +
* [[#hpkp_bp | Public Key Pinning Extension for HTTP (HPKP)]]
 +
* [[#xfo_bp | X-Frame-Options]]
 +
* [[#xxxsp_bp | X-XSS-Protection]]
 +
* [[#xcto_bp | X-Content-Type-Options]]
 +
* [[#csp_bp | Content-Security-Policy]]
 +
* [[#xpcdp_bp | X-Permitted-Cross-Domain-Policies]]
 +
* [[#rp_bp | Referrer-Policy]]
 +
* [[#ect_bp | Expect-CT]]
 +
* [[#fp_bp | Feature-Policy]]
 +
 
 +
==<div id="hsts_bp">HTTP Strict Transport Security (HSTS)</div>==
 +
 
 +
* Apache
 +
:Edit your apache configuration file and add the following to your VirtualHost.<br>
 +
::<code>Header always set Strict-Transport-Security "max-age=63072000; includeSubdomains"</code>
 +
 
 +
* nginx
 +
:Edit your nginx configuration file and add the following snippet.<br>
 +
::<code>add_header Strict-Transport-Security "max-age=63072000; includeSubdomains";</code>
 +
 
 +
* lighttpd
 +
:Edit your lighttpd configuration file and add the following snippet.<br>
 +
::<code>setenv.add-response-header = ("Strict-Transport-Security" => "max-age=63072000; includeSubdomains",)</code>
 +
 
 +
* IIS
 +
:Visit https://scotthelme.co.uk/hardening-your-http-response-headers/#strict-transport-security
 +
 
 +
==<div id="hpkp_bp">Public Key Pinning Extension for HTTP (HPKP)</div>==
 +
 
 +
* Apache
 +
:Edit your apache configuration file and add the following to your VirtualHost.<br>
 +
::<code>Header set Public-Key-Pins "pin-sha256=\"klO23nT2ehFDXCfx3eHTDRESMz3asj1muO+4aIdjiuY=\"; pin-sha256=\"633lt352PKRXbOwf4xSEa1M517scpD3l5f79xMD9r9Q=\"; max-age=2592000; includeSubDomains"</code>
 +
 
 +
* nginx
 +
:Edit your nginx configuration file and add the following snippet.<br>
 +
::<code>add_header Public-Key-Pins "pin-sha256=\"klO23nT2ehFDXCfx3eHTDRESMz3asj1muO+4aIdjiuY=\"; pin-sha256=\"633lt352PKRXbOwf4xSEa1M517scpD3l5f79xMD9r9Q=\"; max-age=2592000; includeSubDomains";</code>
 +
 
 +
* lighttpd
 +
:Edit your lighttpd configuration file and add the following snippet.<br>
 +
::<code>setenv.add-response-header = ("Public-Key-Pins" => "pin-sha256=\"klO23nT2ehFDXCfx3eHTDRESMz3asj1muO+4aIdjiuY=\"; pin-sha256=\"633lt352PKRXbOwf4xSEa1M517scpD3l5f79xMD9r9Q=\"; max-age=2592000; includeSubDomains",)</code>
 +
 
 +
* IIS
 +
:Visit https://scotthelme.co.uk/hardening-your-http-response-headers/#public-key-pinning
 +
 
 +
==<div id="xfo_bp">X-Frame-Options</div>==
 +
 
 +
* Apache
 +
:Add this line below into your site's configuration to configure Apache to send X-Frame-Options header for all pages.<br>
 +
::<code>Header set X-Frame-Options "DENY"</code>
 +
 
 +
* nginx
 +
:Add snippet below into configuration file to send X-Frame-Options header.<br>
 +
::<code>add_header X-Frame-Options "DENY";</code>
 +
 
 +
* lighttpd
 +
:Add snippet below into configuration file to send X-Frame-Options header.<br>
 +
::<code>setenv.add-response-header = ("X-Frame-Options" => "DENY",)</code>
 +
 
 +
* IIS
 +
:Visit https://scotthelme.co.uk/hardening-your-http-response-headers/#x-frame-options
 +
 
 +
==<div id="xxxsp_bp">X-XSS-Protection</div>==
 +
 
 +
Add appropriate snippet into configuration file.<br>
 +
 
 +
* Apache
 +
:<code>Header set X-XSS-Protection "1; mode=block"</code>
 +
 
 +
* nginx
 +
:<code>add_header X-XSS-Protection "1;mode=block";</code>
 +
 
 +
* lighttpd
 +
:<code>setenv.add-response-header = ("X-XSS-Protection" => "1; mode=block",)</code>
 +
 
 +
* IIS
 +
:Visit https://scotthelme.co.uk/hardening-your-http-response-headers/#x-xss-protection
 +
 
 +
==<div id="xcto_bp">X-Content-Type-Options</div>==
  
 
Add appropriate snippet into configuration file.<br>
 
Add appropriate snippet into configuration file.<br>
  
 
* Apache
 
* Apache
−
:<code>Header set Content-Security-Policy: script-src 'self'</code>
+
:<code>Header set X-Content-Type-Options "nosniff"</code>
  
 
* nginx
 
* nginx
−
:<code>add_header Content-Security-Policy "script-src 'self'";</code>
+
:<code>add_header X-Content-Type-Options "nosniff";</code>
  
 
* lighttpd
 
* lighttpd
−
:<code>setenv.add-response-header = ("Content-Security-Policy" => "script-src 'self'",)</code>
+
:<code>setenv.add-response-header = ("X-Content-Type-Options" => "nosniff",)</code>
  
 
* IIS
 
* IIS
 +
:Visit https://scotthelme.co.uk/hardening-your-http-response-headers/#x-content-type-options
 +
 +
==<div id="csp_bp">Content-Security-Policy</div>==
 +
 +
Add appropriate snippet into configuration file.<br>
  
−
===References===
+
* Apache
 +
:<code>Header set Content-Security-Policy "script-src 'self'; object-src 'self'"</code>
  
−
* https://www.owasp.org/index.php/List_of_useful_HTTP_headers
+
* nginx
−
* http://www.cspplayground.com/home
+
:<code>add_header Content-Security-Policy "script-src 'self'; object-src 'self'";</code>
−
* https://scotthelme.co.uk/content-security-policy-an-introduction/
 
  
−
=Tools and Libraries=
+
* lighttpd
−
A list of tools that can help you to achieve the on of the goals of this project.
+
:<code>setenv.add-response-header = ("Content-Security-Policy" => "script-src 'self'; object-src 'self'",)</code>
  
−
==High-Tech Bridge Web Security Scanner==
+
* IIS
 +
:Visit https://scotthelme.co.uk/hardening-your-http-response-headers/#content-security-policy
  
−
An online service that will retrieve and analyse headers syntax and proper configuration in a comprehensive way.
+
==<div id="xpcdp_bp">X-Permitted-Cross-Domain-Policies</div>==
−
It will be able for instance to highlight Public-Key-Pins that matches one certificate of the chain or if Content-Security-Policy contains values that could be unsafe or too permissive.
 
  
−
Site: [https://www.htbridge.com/websec/ https://www.htbridge.com/websec/]
+
Add appropriate snippet into configuration file.<br>
  
−
==hsecscan==
+
* Apache
 +
:<code>Header set X-Permitted-Cross-Domain-Policies "none"</code>
  
−
A security scanner for HTTP response headers.
+
* nginx
 +
:<code>add_header X-Permitted-Cross-Domain-Policies "none";</code>
  
−
Github: [https://github.com/riramar/hsecscan https://github.com/riramar/hsecscan]
+
* lighttpd
 +
:<code>setenv.add-response-header = ("X-Permitted-Cross-Domain-Policies" => "none",)</code>
  
−
==securityheaders.io==
+
* IIS
 +
:[update needed]
  
−
There are services out there that will analyse the HTTP response headers of other sites but I also wanted to add a rating system to the results. The HTTP response headers that this site analyses provide huge levels of protection and it's important that sites deploy them. Hopefully, by providing an easy mechanism to assess them, and further information on how to deploy missing headers, we can drive up the usage of security based headers across the web.
+
==<div id="rp_bp">Referrer-Policy</div>==
  
−
Site: [https://securityheaders.io https://securityheaders.io]
+
* Apache
 +
:[update needed]
  
−
==report-uri.io==
+
* nginx
 +
:[update needed]
  
−
When a site deploys a Content Security Policy or HTTP Public Key Pinning, the browser will enforce the security policies declared by the site. This is great as it offers visitors more protection but the only problem is, the host doesn't know that there's a problem. The browser will block malicious content, such as an XSS attack, but the host wouldn't know anything about it and as such, can't resolve the problem. This is the problem that report-uri.io fixes. With your own unique reporting endpoint the browser can send a violation report to us and you can monitor exactly what is happening on your site. You can see what security policies are being triggered, where and why.
+
* lighttpd
 +
:[update needed]
  
−
Site: [https://report-uri.io https://report-uri.io]
+
* IIS
 +
:[update needed]
  
−
==secureheaders==
+
==<div id="ect_bp">Expect-CT</div>==
  
−
secure_headers is a library for ruby with a global config, per request overrides, and rack milddleware that enables you customize your application settings.
+
* Apache
 +
:[update needed]
  
−
Github: [https://github.com/twitter/secureheaders https://github.com/twitter/secureheaders]
+
* nginx
 +
:[update needed]
  
−
==Security Header Injection Module (SHIM)==
+
* lighttpd
 +
:[update needed]
  
−
SHIM is a HTTP module that provides protection for many vulnerabilities by injecting security-specific HTTP headers into ASP.NET web applications.
+
* IIS
 +
:[update needed]
  
−
Site: [https://shim.codeplex.com https://shim.codeplex.com]
+
==<div id="fp_bp">Feature-Policy</div>==
 +
Disables camera, microphone, and payment API. More features can be added to restrict if desired (vr, midi, etc).
 +
* Apache
 +
:<code>Header set Feature-Policy: camera: 'none'; payment: 'none'; microphone: 'none'</code>
  
−
==http_hardening==
+
* nginx
 +
:[update needed]
  
−
Puppet module to enable, configure and manage secure http headers in web servers.
+
* lighttpd
 +
:[update needed]
  
−
Github: [https://github.com/amenezes/http_hardening http_hardening]<br />
+
* IIS
−
Forge: [https://forge.puppet.com/amenezes/http_hardening http_hardening at forge | puppetlabs]
+
:[update needed]
  
 
=FAQs=
 
=FAQs=
  
 
; What is HTTP header?
 
; What is HTTP header?
−
: HTTP header fields are components of the header section of request and response messages in the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP). They define the operating parameters of an HTTP transaction.
+
: HTTP header fields are part of HTTP message defined in RFC 2616 that consists of requests from client to server and responses from server to client that define parameters for the communication process including: language, compression support, security and a lot of resources.
  
 
; Is there a standard for HTTP headers?
 
; Is there a standard for HTTP headers?
 
: A core set of fields is standardized by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) in RFCs 7230, 7231, 7232, 7233, 7234, and 7235. The permanent registry of header fields and repository of provisional registrations are maintained by the IANA. Additional field names and permissible values may be defined by each application. Non-standard header fields were conventionally marked by prefixing the field name with X- but this convention was deprecated in June 2012 because of the inconveniences it caused when non-standard fields became standard. An earlier restriction on use of Downgraded- was lifted in March 2013.
 
: A core set of fields is standardized by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) in RFCs 7230, 7231, 7232, 7233, 7234, and 7235. The permanent registry of header fields and repository of provisional registrations are maintained by the IANA. Additional field names and permissible values may be defined by each application. Non-standard header fields were conventionally marked by prefixing the field name with X- but this convention was deprecated in June 2012 because of the inconveniences it caused when non-standard fields became standard. An earlier restriction on use of Downgraded- was lifted in March 2013.
 +
 +
; Why I need worry about that?
 +
: Like other initiatives supported by OWASP, this project have the objetive to help all community to conceive, develop, acquire, operate and maintain applications that can be trusted as provide useful information about the use relative of secure http headers by applications and platforms supported.
 +
 +
; Where can apply secure features presented by this project?
 +
: The effectiveness provides by secure http headers demands that application or some component of infrastructure indicate proper header and correspondent value as like use of some client that implement that feature.
 +
 +
; When I consider apply this improvements?
 +
: The short response it's right now. However we believe in approach more responsible. So we recommend conducting a planning and preliminary study, as well the incremental inclusion of insurance headers.
 +
 +
: Headers like: [https://www.owasp.org/index.php/Certificate_and_Public_Key_Pinning#HTTP_pinning Public Key Pinning Extension for HTTP (HPKP)], [https://www.owasp.org/index.php/HTTP_Strict_Transport_Security HTTP Strict Transport Security (HSTS)] and [https://www.owasp.org/index.php/Content_Security_Policy Content Security Policy (CSP)] need a special attention in order not to cause any incident. Some real cases about to use of secure headers can be seen:
 +
 +
: - [http://news.netcraft.com/archives/2016/03/22/secure-websites-shun-http-public-key-pinning.html Secure websites shun HTTP Public Key Pinning]
 +
: - [http://news.netcraft.com/archives/2016/03/30/http-public-key-pinning-youre-doing-it-wrong.html HTTP Public Key Pinning: You’re doing it wrong!]
 +
: - [https://blogs.dropbox.com/tech/2015/09/on-csp-reporting-and-filtering/ CSP On Reporting and Filtering]
 +
: - [https://developer.chrome.com/extensions/contentSecurityPolicy Content Security Policy (CSP)]
 +
 +
; Who can be responsible to apply secure features?
 +
: The responsability to provides more secure environment it's a effort that envolve developers, system administrators, vendors of web browsers and end user.
 +
 +
: Like this the success of secure headers strategy depends of proper client, in general a web browser, and web application or some infrastructure component configured appropriately.
 +
 +
; How can I apply secure http headers?
 +
: The use of secure headers can occur directly through of handling http response headers or using some framework, in addition to conducting appropriate configuration in web server.
 +
 +
: The OWASP: Secure Headers project provides a list of resources and examples to help understand, analyze and configure secure headers.
 +
 +
; What's the costs relative to apply this actions?
 +
: There's no costs in to use secure headers. However some effort to configure and manage properly configuration will be necessary.
  
 
= Acknowledgements =
 
= Acknowledgements =
Line 471: Line 1,428:
 
= Road Map and Getting Involved =
 
= Road Map and Getting Involved =
  
−
'''2016 Priorities'''
+
Involvement in the development and promotion of OWASP Secure Headers Project is actively encouraged!
 +
You do not have to be a security expert in order to contribute.
 +
If you want to help send an email to [mailto:[email protected] [email protected]].
  
 
== To Do ==
 
== To Do ==
  
−
OWASP Secure Headers Project intends to raise awareness and usage of headers sent by the server that can increase security. We'll aim to bring this about by:
+
* Perform public to scan websites and view stats regarding these headers. Automated scanning of the top 1m sites on the web; filtering of said sites to view stats across industries and countries; published database dumps for public consumption/tools; scanning of individual sites; comparing multiple scanned sites.
−
 
 
−
* Producing open source, easily implemented, well documented code libraries that enable these headers for a variety of platforms. We'll prioritize creating and publicizing Node.JS, PHP, Ruby, and Java, but will eventually reach out towards edge cases like Go, Python and others. The key is to make this accessible as possible to developers.
 
−
 
 
−
* Improve constantly hsecscan tool to detect bad practices and provide link to the best practices above.
 
−
 
 
−
* Perform public to scan websites using hsecscan and view stats regarding these headers. Automated scanning of the top 1m sites on the web; filtering of said sites to view stats across industries and countries; published database dumps for public consumption/tools; scanning of individual sites; comparing multiple scanned sites.
 
−
 
 
 
* Consistent reports regarding this secure headers, their usage, any changes to existing headers.
 
* Consistent reports regarding this secure headers, their usage, any changes to existing headers.
−
 
+
* Reorganize "Best Practices" tab and include a section for related security best practices around headers (e.g. "Remove Server Header" and "Remove X-Powered-By Header").
−
Involvement in the development and promotion of OWASP Secure Headers Project is actively encouraged!
+
* Create a parser to grab the headers from https://scans.io and populate the MySQL database.
−
You do not have to be a security expert in order to contribute.
 
−
If you want to help send an email to [mailto:ricardo.[email protected] [email protected]].
 
  
 
== Doing ==
 
== Doing ==
  
 +
* Producing open source, easily implemented, well documented code libraries that enable these headers for a variety of platforms. We'll prioritize creating and publicizing Node.JS, PHP, Ruby, and Java, but will eventually reach out towards edge cases like Go, Python and others. The key is to make this accessible as possible to developers.
 
* Including how to set properly secure headers on IIS.
 
* Including how to set properly secure headers on IIS.
 +
* Improve constantly hsecscan tool to detect bad practices and provide link to the best practices above.
  
 
== Done ==
 
== Done ==
  
 
* Creating secure best practices implementations including how to set properly secure headers on the most common platforms (eg. Apache, NGINX and Lighttpd).
 
* Creating secure best practices implementations including how to set properly secure headers on the most common platforms (eg. Apache, NGINX and Lighttpd).
 +
* Divide the "Tools_and_Libraries" tab into two differents tab (Scanners and Libraries).
 +
* Include link to attack pages.
 +
* Include Top Websites Examples tab.
 +
* Move the Best Practices to another tab.
 +
* Include a new tab only for browser versions compatibility.
 +
* Include X-Permitted-Cross-Domain-Policies under Headers and Best Practices tab.
 +
* Include Expect-CT header and update HPKP.
 +
* Include Feature-Policy.
  
−
 
+
__NOTOC__ <headertabs></headertabs>  
−
__NOTOC__ <headertabs />  
 
  
 
[[Category:OWASP Project]]
 
[[Category:OWASP Project]]

Latest revision as of 12:57, 6 November 2019

Incubator banner.jpg

OWASP Secure Headers Project

The OWASP Secure Headers Project describes HTTP response headers that your application can use to increase the security of your application. Once set, these HTTP response headers can restrict modern browsers from running into easily preventable vulnerabilities. The OWASP Secure Headers Project intends to raise awareness and use of these headers.

Introduction

HTTP headers are well known and also despised. Seeking the balance between usability and security developers implement functionality through the headers that can make your more versatile or secure application. But in practice how the headers are being implemented? What sites follow the best implementation practices? Big companies, small, all or none?

Description

We aim to publish reports on header usage stats, developments and changes. Code libraries that make these headers easily accessible to developers on a range of platforms. Data sets concerning the general usage of these headers.

Licensing

OWASP Secure Headers is free to use. It is licensed under the Apache 2.0 License.


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Project Leader

Ricardo Iramar
Alexandre Menezes

Project Contributors

Jim Manico

Related Projects

Quick Links

News and Events

Classifications

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Project Type Files CODE.jpg

The following contains a list of HTTP response headers related to security.

Response Headers

HTTP Strict Transport Security (HSTS)

HTTP Strict Transport Security (HSTS) is a web security policy mechanism which helps to protect websites against protocol downgrade attacks and cookie hijacking. It allows web servers to declare that web browsers (or other complying user agents) should only interact with it using secure HTTPS connections, and never via the insecure HTTP protocol. HSTS is an IETF standards track protocol and is specified in RFC 6797. A server implements an HSTS policy by supplying a header (Strict-Transport-Security) over an HTTPS connection (HSTS headers over HTTP are ignored).

Values

Value Description
max-age=SECONDS The time, in seconds, that the browser should remember that this site is only to be accessed using HTTPS.
includeSubDomains If this optional parameter is specified, this rule applies to all of the site's subdomains as well.

Example

Strict-Transport-Security: max-age=31536000 ; includeSubDomains

References

Public Key Pinning Extension for HTTP (HPKP)

HTTP Public Key Pinning (HPKP) is a security mechanism which allows HTTPS websites to resist impersonation by attackers using mis-issued or otherwise fraudulent certificates. (For example, sometimes attackers can compromise certificate authorities, and then can mis-issue certificates for a web origin.).

The HTTPS web server serves a list of public key hashes, and on subsequent connections clients expect that server to use one or more of those public keys in its certificate chain. Deploying HPKP safely will require operational and organizational maturity due to the risk that hosts may make themselves unavailable by pinning to a set of public key hashes that becomes invalid. With care, host operators can greatly reduce the risk of man-in-the-middle (MITM) attacks and other false authentication problems for their users without incurring undue risk.

Before implement HPKP please read this https://www.chromestatus.com/feature/5903385005916160.

Values

Value Description
pin-sha256="<sha256>" The quoted string is the Base64 encoded Subject Public Key Information (SPKI) fingerprint. It is possible to specify multiple pins for different public keys. Some browsers might allow other hashing algorithms than SHA-256 in the future.
max-age=SECONDS The time, in seconds, that the browser should remember that this site is only to be accessed using one of the pinned keys.
includeSubDomains If this optional parameter is specified, this rule applies to all of the site's subdomains as well.
report-uri="<URL>" If this optional parameter is specified, pin validation failures are reported to the given URL.

Example

Public-Key-Pins: pin-sha256="d6qzRu9zOECb90Uez27xWltNsj0e1Md7GkYYkVoZWmM="; pin-sha256="E9CZ9INDbd+2eRQozYqqbQ2yXLVKB9+xcprMF+44U1g="; report-uri="http://example.com/pkp-report"; max-age=10000; includeSubDomains

References

X-Frame-Options

X-Frame-Options response header improve the protection of web applications against Clickjacking. It declares a policy communicated from a host to the client browser on whether the browser must not display the transmitted content in frames of other web pages.

Values

Value Description
deny No rendering within a frame.
sameorigin No rendering if origin mismatch.
allow-from: DOMAIN Allows rendering if framed by frame loaded from DOMAIN.

Example

X-Frame-Options: deny

References

X-XSS-Protection

This header enables the Cross-site scripting (XSS) filter in your browser.

Values

Value Description
0 Filter disabled.
1 Filter enabled. If a cross-site scripting attack is detected, in order to stop the attack, the browser will sanitize the page.
1; mode=block Filter enabled. Rather than sanitize the page, when a XSS attack is detected, the browser will prevent rendering of the page.
1; report=http://[YOURDOMAIN]/your_report_URI Filter enabled. The browser will sanitize the page and report the violation. This is a Chromium function utilizing CSP violation reports to send details to a URI of your choice.

Example

X-XSS-Protection: 1; mode=block

References

X-Content-Type-Options

Setting this header will prevent the browser from interpreting files as something else than declared by the content type in the HTTP headers.

Values

Value Description
nosniff Will prevent the browser from MIME-sniffing a response away from the declared content-type.

Example

X-Content-Type-Options: nosniff

References

Content-Security-Policy

A Content Security Policy (CSP) requires careful tuning and precise definition of the policy. If enabled, CSP has significant impact on the way browsers render pages (e.g., inline JavaScript disabled by default and must be explicitly allowed in policy). CSP prevents a wide range of attacks, including Cross-site scripting and other cross-site injections.

Values

Directive Description
base-uri Define the base uri for relative uri.
default-src Define loading policy for all resources type in case of a resource type dedicated directive is not defined (fallback).
script-src Define which scripts the protected resource can execute.
object-src Define from where the protected resource can load plugins.
style-src Define which styles (CSS) the user applies to the protected resource.
img-src Define from where the protected resource can load images.
media-src Define from where the protected resource can load video and audio.
frame-src Deprecated and replaced by child-src. Define from where the protected resource can embed frames.
child-src Define from where the protected resource can embed frames.
frame-ancestors Define from where the protected resource can be embedded in frames.
font-src Define from where the protected resource can load fonts.
connect-src Define which URIs the protected resource can load using script interfaces.
manifest-src Define from where the protected resource can load manifest.
form-action Define which URIs can be used as the action of HTML form elements.
sandbox Specifies an HTML sandbox policy that the user agent applies to the protected resource.
script-nonce Define script execution by requiring the presence of the specified nonce on script elements.
plugin-types Define the set of plugins that can be invoked by the protected resource by limiting the types of resources that can be embedded.
reflected-xss Instructs a user agent to activate or deactivate any heuristics used to filter or block reflected cross-site scripting attacks, equivalent to the effects of the non-standard X-XSS-Protection header.
block-all-mixed-content Prevent user agent from loading mixed content.
upgrade-insecure-requests Instructs user agent to download insecure resources using HTTPS.
referrer Define information user agent must send in Referer header.
report-uri Specifies a URI to which the user agent sends reports about policy violation.
report-to Specifies a group (defined in Report-To header) to which the user agent sends reports about policy violation.

Example

Content-Security-Policy: script-src 'self'

References

X-Permitted-Cross-Domain-Policies

A cross-domain policy file is an XML document that grants a web client, such as Adobe Flash Player or Adobe Acrobat (though not necessarily limited to these), permission to handle data across domains. When clients request content hosted on a particular source domain and that content make requests directed towards a domain other than its own, the remote domain needs to host a cross-domain policy file that grants access to the source domain, allowing the client to continue the transaction. Normally a meta-policy is declared in the master policy file, but for those who can’t write to the root directory, they can also declare a meta-policy using the X-Permitted-Cross-Domain-Policies HTTP response header.

Values

Value Description
none No policy files are allowed anywhere on the target server, including this master policy file.
master-only Only this master policy file is allowed.
by-content-type [HTTP/HTTPS only] Only policy files served with Content-Type: text/x-cross-domain-policy are allowed.
by-ftp-filename [FTP only] Only policy files whose file names are crossdomain.xml (i.e. URLs ending in /crossdomain.xml) are allowed.
all All policy files on this target domain are allowed.

Example

X-Permitted-Cross-Domain-Policies: none

References

Referrer-Policy

The Referrer-Policy HTTP header governs which referrer information, sent in the Referer header, should be included with requests made.

Values

Value Description
no-referrer The Referer header will be omitted entirely. No referrer information is sent along with requests.
no-referrer-when-downgrade This is the user agent's default behavior if no policy is specified. The origin is sent as referrer to a-priori as-much-secure destination (HTTPS->HTTPS), but isn't sent to a less secure destination (HTTPS->HTTP).
origin Only send the origin of the document as the referrer in all cases. The document https://example.com/page.html will send the referrer https://example.com/.
origin-when-cross-origin Send a full URL when performing a same-origin request, but only send the origin of the document for other cases.
same-origin A referrer will be sent for same-site origins, but cross-origin requests will contain no referrer information.
strict-origin Only send the origin of the document as the referrer to a-priori as-much-secure destination (HTTPS->HTTPS), but don't send it to a less secure destination (HTTPS->HTTP).
strict-origin-when-cross-origin Send a full URL when performing a same-origin request, only send the origin of the document to a-priori as-much-secure destination (HTTPS->HTTPS), and send no header to a less secure destination (HTTPS->HTTP).
unsafe-url Send a full URL (stripped from parameters) when performing a a same-origin or cross-origin request.

Example

Referrer-Policy: no-referrer

References

Expect-CT

The Expect-CT header is used by a server to indicate that browsers should evaluate connections to the host emitting the header for Certificate Transparency compliance.

Values

Value Description
report-uri The optional report-uri directive indicates the URL to which the browser should report Expect-CT failures.
enforce The optional enforce directive is a valueless directive that, if present, signals to the browser that compliance to the CT Policy should be enforced (rather than report-only) and that the browser should refuse future connections that violate its CT Policy. When both the enforce directive and report-uri directive are present, the configuration is referred to as an "enforce-and-report" configuration, signalling to the browser both that compliance to the CT Policy should be enforced and that violations should be reported.
max-age The max-age directive specifies the number of seconds after the reception of the Expect-CT header field during which the browser should regard the host from whom the message was received as a Known Expect-CT Host.

Example

Expect-CT: max-age=86400, enforce, report-uri="https://foo.example/report"

References

Feature-Policy

The Feature-Policy header allows developers to selectively enable and disable use of various browser features and APIs..

Values

Value Description
accelerometer Controls access to accelerometer sensors on the device.
ambient-light-sensor Controls access to ambient light sensors on the device.
autoplay Controls access to autoplay through play() and autoplay.
camera Controls access to video input devices.
encrypted-media Controls whether requestMediaKeySystemAccess() is allowed.
fullscreen Controls whether requestFullscreen() is allowed.
geolocation Controls access to Geolocation interface.
gyroscope Controls access to gyroscope sensors on the device.
magnetometer Controls access to magnetometer sensors on the device.
microphone Controls access to audio input devices.
midi Controls access to requestMIDIAccess() method.
payment Controls access to PaymentRequest interface.
picture-in-picture Controls access to Picture in Picture.
speaker Controls access to audio output devices.
usb Controls access to USB devices.
vibrate Controls access to vibrate() method.
vr Controls access to VR displays.

Example

Feature-Policy: vibrate 'none'; geolocation 'none'

References

Browser Support

Internet Explorer Edge Firefox Chrome Safari Opera Android
HTTP Strict Transport Security (HSTS) 11 13 47 49 9.1 39 4.4
Public Key Pinning Extension for HTTP (HPKP) NS NS 47 49 NS 39 51
X-Frame-Options 8 13 47 49 9.1 39 4.4
X-XSS-Protection 8 NS 4+
X-Content-Type-Options 8 51 1.0 NS 13
Content-Security-Policy 11 13 47 49 9.1 39 4.4
X-Permitted-Cross-Domain-Policies
Referrer-Policy NS NS 50 56 NS 43
Expect-CT 61 48
Feature-Policy

NS = Not Supported

+ = Specified version and above

References

Coming soon... for now check this.

This section cover a list of tools to analyze, develop and administrate HTTP secure headers in order to help achieve more secure and trustworthy web systems.

Analysis Tools Reference

hsecscan

A security scanner for HTTP response headers.

headers

Python script to get some response headers from Alexa top sites file and store in a MySQL database.

securityheaders.io

There are services out there that will analyse the HTTP response headers of other sites but I also wanted to add a rating system to the results. The HTTP response headers that this site analyses provide huge levels of protection and it's important that sites deploy them. Hopefully, by providing an easy mechanism to assess them, and further information on how to deploy missing headers, we can drive up the usage of security based headers across the web.

Mozilla Observatory

A Mozilla project designed to help developers, system administrators, and security professionals configure their sites safely and securely.

High-Tech Bridge Web Security Scanner

An online service that will retrieve and analyse headers syntax and proper configuration in a comprehensive way. It will be able for instance to highlight Public-Key-Pins that matches one certificate of the chain or if Content-Security-Policy contains values that could be unsafe or too permissive.

Check Your Headers

Just another web scanner for HTTP response headers.

Recx Security Analyser

Chrome extension that allows the inspection of security aspects of a site's HTTP headers, cookies and other key security settings.

KickOff

While each project you launch may have a different feature set, they often share many of the same performance, SEO and security requirements. This tool aims to automate the process of checking your list of requirements shortly before launch or directly after a deployment.

testssl.sh

Easy to use shell script which tests not only SSL/TLS encryption but also checks common headers and analyzes those. Output is screen, JSON, CSV and HTML.

DrHEADer

DrHEADer helps with the audit of security headers received in response to a single request or a list of requests.

Development Libraries Language Reference

secureheaders

Security related headers all in one gem.

  • Ruby

Security Header Injection Module (SHIM)

SHIM is a HTTP module that provides protection for many vulnerabilities by injecting security-specific HTTP headers into ASP.NET web applications.

  • ASP.NET

Spring Security

Spring Security’s support for adding various security headers to the response.

  • Java

SecureHeaders

A PHP class aiming to make the use of browser security features more accessible.

  • PHP

rack-secure_headers

Security related HTTP headers for Rack applications.

  • Rack

helmet and hood

Node.js (express).

  • Node.js (express)

blankie

A CSP plugin for hapi.

  • Node.js (hapi)

NWebsec

NWebsec consists of several security libraries for ASP.NET applications.

  • ASP.NET

django-csp + commonware; django-security

django-csp + commonware; django-security.

  • Python

Secure

Secure is a lightweight package that adds optional security headers and cookie attributes for Python web frameworks.

  • Python

secureheader

Package secureheader adds some HTTP header fields widely considered to improve safety of HTTP requests.

  • Go

secure_headers

This Plug will automatically apply several security headers to the Plug.Conn response. By design SecureHeaders will attempt to apply the most strict security policy. Although, security headers are configurable and are validated to avoid misconfiguration.

  • Elixir

dropwizard-web-security

A bundle for applying default web security functionality to a dropwizard application.

  • Dropwizard

ember-cli-content-security-policy

This addon makes it easy to use Content Security Policy (CSP) in your project. It can be deployed either via a Content-Security-Policy header sent from the Ember CLI Express server, or as a meta tag in the index.html file.

  • Ember.js

Operation Tools Web Servers Supported Reference

http_hardening

Puppet module to enable, configure and manage secure http headers on web servers.

  • Apache HTTP Server
  • NGINX
  • Lighttpd

HTTP response headers from the top websites in the world.

Command used to extract the headers:

curl -L -A "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/50.0.2661.102 Safari/537.36" -s -D - https://www.example.com -o /dev/null

Google

$ curl -L -A "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/62.0.3202.89 Safari/537.36" -s -D - https://www.google.com -o /dev/null
HTTP/1.1 302 Found
Location: https://www.google.com.br/?gws_rd=cr&dcr=0&ei=rtcKWpnkNYaawATUn6agCg
Cache-Control: private
Content-Type: text/html; charset=UTF-8
P3P: CP="This is not a P3P policy! See g.co/p3phelp for more info."
Date: Tue, 14 Nov 2017 11:46:54 GMT
Server: gws
Content-Length: 273
X-XSS-Protection: 1; mode=block
X-Frame-Options: SAMEORIGIN
Set-Cookie: NID=117=GENZIllQGZFmhCBmap1YThta_hUvvZ9Xm517XXWpF9eCKNqW6_luvZm1b_ai7BN4lAA2pP2Z22BveHqjUrqZxpY38NKSYLKWFGrVh6tGAHcbNw6OHQ_F77bNJWV0BZOZ; expires=Wed, 16-May-2018 11:46:54 GMT; path=/; domain=.google.com; HttpOnly
Alt-Svc: quic=":443"; ma=2592000; v="41,39,38,37,35"

HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Date: Tue, 14 Nov 2017 11:46:55 GMT
Expires: -1
Cache-Control: private, max-age=0
Content-Type: text/html; charset=UTF-8
Strict-Transport-Security: max-age=3600
P3P: CP="This is not a P3P policy! See g.co/p3phelp for more info."
Server: gws
X-XSS-Protection: 1; mode=block
X-Frame-Options: SAMEORIGIN
Set-Cookie: 1P_JAR=2017-11-14-11; expires=Thu, 14-Dec-2017 11:46:55 GMT; path=/; domain=.google.com.br
Set-Cookie: NID=117=fR73jhascV3B9fbiVfYdvGlilR_tgYNhela9rXdCavJiJoYpkNSTq0NtFqNSV8im602zM7Of-S1GUr_ncSuT3p6tzlw3e6_9ccqPttSuniTHWZEgBtUL1VXTgXBdjKMe; expires=Wed, 16-May-2018 11:46:55 GMT; path=/; domain=.google.com.br; HttpOnly
Alt-Svc: quic=":443"; ma=2592000; v="41,39,38,37,35"
Accept-Ranges: none
Vary: Accept-Encoding
Transfer-Encoding: chunked

Facebook

$ curl -L -A "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/62.0.3202.89 Safari/537.36" -s -D - https://www.facebook.com -o /dev/null
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
X-XSS-Protection: 0
Pragma: no-cache
content-security-policy: default-src * data: blob:;script-src *.facebook.com *.fbcdn.net *.facebook.net *.google-analytics.com *.virtualearth.net *.google.com 127.0.0.1:* *.spotilocal.com:* 'unsafe-inline' 'unsafe-eval' fbstatic-a.akamaihd.net fbcdn-static-b-a.akamaihd.net *.atlassolutions.com blob: data: 'self';style-src data: blob: 'unsafe-inline' *;connect-src *.facebook.com *.fbcdn.net *.facebook.net *.spotilocal.com:* *.akamaihd.net wss://*.facebook.com:* https://fb.scanandcleanlocal.com:* *.atlassolutions.com attachment.fbsbx.com ws://localhost:* blob: *.cdninstagram.com 'self' chrome-extension://boadgeojelhgndaghljhdicfkmllpafd chrome-extension://dliochdbjfkdbacpmhlcpmleaejidimm;
Cache-Control: private, no-cache, no-store, must-revalidate
X-Frame-Options: DENY
expect-ct: max-age=10, report-uri="http://reports.fb.com/expectct/"
Strict-Transport-Security: max-age=15552000; preload
X-Content-Type-Options: nosniff
Expires: Sat, 01 Jan 2000 00:00:00 GMT
Set-Cookie: fr=0Bf96eRMD0zCulvzh..BaCtgp.jl.AAA.0.0.BaCtgp.AWVGQojt; expires=Mon, 12-Feb-2018 11:48:57 GMT; Max-Age=7776000; path=/; domain=.facebook.com; secure; httponly
Set-Cookie: sb=KdgKWqMf8J84KfUg99AxaG1B; expires=Thu, 14-Nov-2019 11:48:57 GMT; Max-Age=63072000; path=/; domain=.facebook.com; secure; httponly
Vary: Accept-Encoding
Content-Type: text/html; charset=UTF-8
X-FB-Debug: llncdeFRYCCoWkXqx2VCdUGtdHZvjsr6OA7JNrtEe18ZuZAqcKCH4km9SSkNTHIcuXmzwRMzyBQt0Uz7T6ltQg==
Date: Tue, 14 Nov 2017 11:48:57 GMT
Transfer-Encoding: chunked
Connection: keep-alive

Twitter

$ curl -L -A "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/62.0.3202.89 Safari/537.36" -s -D - https://www.twitter.com -o /dev/null
HTTP/1.1 301 Moved Permanently
content-length: 0
date: Tue, 14 Nov 2017 11:50:11 GMT
location: https://twitter.com/
server: tsa_d
set-cookie: personalization_id="v1_nyz+ctxxDiBbh4s6VjzQIg=="; Expires=Thu, 14 Nov 2019 11:50:11 UTC; Path=/; Domain=.twitter.com
set-cookie: guest_id=v1%3A151066021116455299; Expires=Thu, 14 Nov 2019 11:50:11 UTC; Path=/; Domain=.twitter.com
strict-transport-security: max-age=631138519
x-connection-hash: d9a9eea848268dae67e7743d5bfd2dd5
x-response-time: 135

HTTP/1.1 200 OK
cache-control: no-cache, no-store, must-revalidate, pre-check=0, post-check=0
content-length: 345977
content-security-policy: script-src https://connect.facebook.net https://cm.g.doubleclick.net https://ssl.google-analytics.com https://graph.facebook.com 'nonce-f/+1f61E6Z0qq8p+L4UIQw==' https://twitter.com 'unsafe-eval' https://*.twimg.com https://api.twitter.com https://analytics.twitter.com https://publish.twitter.com https://ton.twitter.com https://syndication.twitter.com https://www.google.com https://t.tellapart.com https://platform.twitter.com https://www.google-analytics.com blob: 'self'; frame-ancestors 'self'; font-src https://twitter.com https://*.twimg.com data: https://ton.twitter.com https://fonts.gstatic.com https://maxcdn.bootstrapcdn.com https://netdna.bootstrapcdn.com 'self'; media-src https://rmpdhdsnappytv-vh.akamaihd.net https://prod-video-eu-central-1.pscp.tv https://v.cdn.vine.co https://dwo3ckksxlb0v.cloudfront.net https://twitter.com https://amp.twimg.com https://smmdhdsnappytv-vh.akamaihd.net https://*.twimg.com https://prod-video-eu-west-1.pscp.tv https://rmmdhdsnappytv-vh.akamaihd.net https://prod-video-us-west-2.pscp.tv https://prod-video-us-west-1.pscp.tv https://prod-video-ap-northeast-1.pscp.tv https://smdhdsnappytv-vh.akamaihd.net https://ton.twitter.com https://rmdhdsnappytv-vh.akamaihd.net https://mmdhdsnappytv-vh.akamaihd.net https://smpdhdsnappytv-vh.akamaihd.net https://prod-video-sa-east-1.pscp.tv https://mdhdsnappytv-vh.akamaihd.net https://prod-video-ap-southeast-2.pscp.tv https://mtc.cdn.vine.co https://dev-video-us-west-2.pscp.tv https://prod-video-us-east-1.pscp.tv blob: 'self' https://prod-video-ap-southeast-1.pscp.tv https://mpdhdsnappytv-vh.akamaihd.net https://dev-video-eu-west-1.pscp.tv; connect-src https://rmpdhdsnappytv-vh.akamaihd.net https://prod-video-eu-central-1.pscp.tv https://graph.facebook.com https://*.giphy.com https://dwo3ckksxlb0v.cloudfront.net https://vmaprel.snappytv.com https://smmdhdsnappytv-vh.akamaihd.net https://*.twimg.com https://embed.pscp.tv https://api.twitter.com https://prod-video-eu-west-1.pscp.tv https://rmmdhdsnappytv-vh.akamaihd.net https://prod-video-us-west-2.pscp.tv https://pay.twitter.com https://prod-video-us-west-1.pscp.tv https://analytics.twitter.com https://vmap.snappytv.com https://*.twprobe.net https://prod-video-ap-northeast-1.pscp.tv https://smdhdsnappytv-vh.akamaihd.net https://syndication.twitter.com https://sentry.io https://rmdhdsnappytv-vh.akamaihd.net https://media.riffsy.com https://mmdhdsnappytv-vh.akamaihd.net https://embed.periscope.tv https://smpdhdsnappytv-vh.akamaihd.net https://prod-video-sa-east-1.pscp.tv https://vmapstage.snappytv.com https://upload.twitter.com https://proxsee.pscp.tv https://mdhdsnappytv-vh.akamaihd.net https://prod-video-ap-southeast-2.pscp.tv https://dev-video-us-west-2.pscp.tv https://prod-video-us-east-1.pscp.tv 'self' https://vmap.grabyo.com https://prod-video-ap-southeast-1.pscp.tv https://mpdhdsnappytv-vh.akamaihd.net https://dev-video-eu-west-1.pscp.tv; style-src https://fonts.googleapis.com https://twitter.com https://*.twimg.com https://translate.googleapis.com https://ton.twitter.com 'unsafe-inline' https://platform.twitter.com https://maxcdn.bootstrapcdn.com https://netdna.bootstrapcdn.com 'self'; object-src https://twitter.com https://pbs.twimg.com; default-src 'self'; frame-src https://staticxx.facebook.com https://twitter.com https://*.twimg.com https://5415703.fls.doubleclick.net https://player.vimeo.com https://pay.twitter.com https://www.facebook.com https://ton.twitter.com https://syndication.twitter.com https://vine.co twitter: https://www.youtube.com https://platform.twitter.com https://upload.twitter.com https://s-static.ak.facebook.com https://4337974.fls.doubleclick.net https://8122179.fls.doubleclick.net 'self' https://donate.twitter.com; img-src https://prod-video-eu-central-1.pscp.tv https://prod-profile.pscp.tv https://graph.facebook.com https://prod-thumbnail.pscp.tv https://*.giphy.com https://twitter.com https://*.twimg.com https://ad.doubleclick.net https://prod-video-eu-west-1.pscp.tv data: https://prod-video-us-west-2.pscp.tv https://prod-video-us-west-1.pscp.tv https://prod-video-ap-northeast-1.pscp.tv https://lumiere-a.akamaihd.net https://fbcdn-profile-a.akamaihd.net https://www.facebook.com https://ton.twitter.com https://*.fbcdn.net https://syndication.twitter.com https://media.riffsy.com https://www.google.com https://prod-profile.periscope.tv https://prod-video-sa-east-1.pscp.tv https://stats.g.doubleclick.net https://platform.twitter.com https://prod-video-ap-southeast-2.pscp.tv https://api.mapbox.com https://www.google-analytics.com https://dev-video-us-west-2.pscp.tv https://prod-video-us-east-1.pscp.tv blob: https://prod-thumbnail-small.pscp.tv https://prod-thumbnail-small.periscope.tv 'self' https://prod-thumbnail.periscope.tv https://prod-video-ap-southeast-1.pscp.tv https://dev-video-eu-west-1.pscp.tv; report-uri https://twitter.com/i/csp_report?a=NVQWGYLXFVZXO2LGOQ%3D%3D%3D%3D%3D%3D&ro=false;
content-type: text/html;charset=utf-8
date: Tue, 14 Nov 2017 11:50:11 GMT
expires: Tue, 31 Mar 1981 05:00:00 GMT
last-modified: Tue, 14 Nov 2017 11:50:11 GMT
pragma: no-cache
server: tsa_d
set-cookie: fm=0; Expires=Tue, 14 Nov 2017 11:50:02 UTC; Path=/; Domain=.twitter.com; Secure; HTTPOnly
set-cookie: _twitter_sess=BAh7CSIKZmxhc2hJQzonQWN0aW9uQ29udHJvbGxlcjo6Rmxhc2g6OkZsYXNo%250ASGFzaHsABjoKQHVzZWR7ADoPY3JlYXRlZF9hdGwrCMOCXbpfAToMY3NyZl9p%250AZCIlOTk3MjYzYzc1NDhkOTA1ZTlhZTIyNGE2Zjk5Nzg0NTk6B2lkIiU0ODIw%250AZWRkNjc4Njg2M2IzYmI3ZTA3N2YxMTA4YzE5Nw%253D%253D--7abf7eef950088f9f728686ce29881ef501487dd; Path=/; Domain=.twitter.com; Secure; HTTPOnly
set-cookie: personalization_id="v1_rrHzrB5h0Qs1Oz4uhOjFJg=="; Expires=Thu, 14 Nov 2019 11:50:11 UTC; Path=/; Domain=.twitter.com
set-cookie: guest_id=v1%3A151066021139105511; Expires=Thu, 14 Nov 2019 11:50:11 UTC; Path=/; Domain=.twitter.com
set-cookie: ct0=ba98c8a6cb4c664151a98c8bd9eb4b4d; Expires=Tue, 14 Nov 2017 17:50:11 UTC; Path=/; Domain=.twitter.com; Secure
status: 200 OK
strict-transport-security: max-age=631138519
x-connection-hash: 769f9dcd87b9274776136b99b3181a44
x-content-type-options: nosniff
x-frame-options: SAMEORIGIN
x-response-time: 359
x-transaction: 007d216900cbc2ad
x-twitter-response-tags: BouncerCompliant
x-ua-compatible: IE=edge,chrome=1
x-xss-protection: 1; mode=block

Github

$ curl -L -A "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/62.0.3202.89 Safari/537.36" -s -D - https://www.github.com -o /dev/null
HTTP/1.1 301 Moved Permanently
Content-length: 0
Location: https://github.com/

HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Server: GitHub.com
Date: Tue, 14 Nov 2017 11:51:27 GMT
Content-Type: text/html; charset=utf-8
Transfer-Encoding: chunked
Status: 200 OK
Cache-Control: no-cache
Vary: X-PJAX
X-UA-Compatible: IE=Edge,chrome=1
Set-Cookie: logged_in=no; domain=.github.com; path=/; expires=Sat, 14 Nov 2037 11:51:27 -0000; secure; HttpOnly
Set-Cookie: _gh_sess=eyJzZXNzaW9uX2lkIjoiODI5ZGZjZDhlZDFlMjBjZTBhMTljMjk5ZDU1ZDBlODgiLCJsYXN0X3JlYWRfZnJvbV9yZXBsaWNhcyI6MTUxMDY2MDI4NzMxNywiX2NzcmZfdG9rZW4iOiIvTjkya2RHLzJJN2dtbU12eWQ3UGJDeTJ0aU1tZHJrci8wVzlpMi9yajFZPSJ9--5920790d2e11e8d4a32177a14ac25fae6e8f9789; path=/; secure; HttpOnly
X-Request-Id: b31804a05047fd1326fe28cf3d6f33aa
X-Runtime: 0.036845
Expect-CT: max-age=2592000, report-uri="https://api.github.com/_private/browser/errors"
Content-Security-Policy: default-src 'none'; base-uri 'self'; block-all-mixed-content; child-src render.githubusercontent.com; connect-src 'self' uploads.github.com status.github.com collector.githubapp.com api.github.com www.google-analytics.com github-cloud.s3.amazonaws.com github-production-repository-file-5c1aeb.s3.amazonaws.com github-production-upload-manifest-file-7fdce7.s3.amazonaws.com github-production-user-asset-6210df.s3.amazonaws.com wss://live.github.com; font-src assets-cdn.github.com; form-action 'self' github.com gist.github.com; frame-ancestors 'none'; img-src 'self' data: assets-cdn.github.com identicons.github.com collector.githubapp.com github-cloud.s3.amazonaws.com *.githubusercontent.com; media-src 'none'; script-src assets-cdn.github.com; style-src 'unsafe-inline' assets-cdn.github.com
Strict-Transport-Security: max-age=31536000; includeSubdomains; preload
Public-Key-Pins: max-age=0; pin-sha256="WoiWRyIOVNa9ihaBciRSC7XHjliYS9VwUGOIud4PB18="; pin-sha256="RRM1dGqnDFsCJXBTHky16vi1obOlCgFFn/yOhI/y+ho="; pin-sha256="k2v657xBsOVe1PQRwOsHsw3bsGT2VzIqz5K+59sNQws="; pin-sha256="K87oWBWM9UZfyddvDfoxL+8lpNyoUB2ptGtn0fv6G2Q="; pin-sha256="IQBnNBEiFuhj+8x6X8XLgh01V9Ic5/V3IRQLNFFc7v4="; pin-sha256="iie1VXtL7HzAMF+/PVPR9xzT80kQxdZeJ+zduCB3uj0="; pin-sha256="LvRiGEjRqfzurezaWuj8Wie2gyHMrW5Q06LspMnox7A="; includeSubDomains
X-Content-Type-Options: nosniff
X-Frame-Options: deny
X-XSS-Protection: 1; mode=block
X-Runtime-rack: 0.043225
X-GitHub-Request-Id: 9AB0:25783:6A523:B814E:5A0AD8BE

Please note the best practices below suggest methods to change webserver configuration to add headers. Security headers can also be successfully added to your application at the software level as well in almost every web language. Many web frameworks add some of these headers automatically.

Response Headers

HTTP Strict Transport Security (HSTS)

  • Apache
Edit your apache configuration file and add the following to your VirtualHost.
Header always set Strict-Transport-Security "max-age=63072000; includeSubdomains"
  • nginx
Edit your nginx configuration file and add the following snippet.
add_header Strict-Transport-Security "max-age=63072000; includeSubdomains";
  • lighttpd
Edit your lighttpd configuration file and add the following snippet.
setenv.add-response-header = ("Strict-Transport-Security" => "max-age=63072000; includeSubdomains",)
  • IIS
Visit https://scotthelme.co.uk/hardening-your-http-response-headers/#strict-transport-security

Public Key Pinning Extension for HTTP (HPKP)

  • Apache
Edit your apache configuration file and add the following to your VirtualHost.
Header set Public-Key-Pins "pin-sha256=\"klO23nT2ehFDXCfx3eHTDRESMz3asj1muO+4aIdjiuY=\"; pin-sha256=\"633lt352PKRXbOwf4xSEa1M517scpD3l5f79xMD9r9Q=\"; max-age=2592000; includeSubDomains"
  • nginx
Edit your nginx configuration file and add the following snippet.
add_header Public-Key-Pins "pin-sha256=\"klO23nT2ehFDXCfx3eHTDRESMz3asj1muO+4aIdjiuY=\"; pin-sha256=\"633lt352PKRXbOwf4xSEa1M517scpD3l5f79xMD9r9Q=\"; max-age=2592000; includeSubDomains";
  • lighttpd
Edit your lighttpd configuration file and add the following snippet.
setenv.add-response-header = ("Public-Key-Pins" => "pin-sha256=\"klO23nT2ehFDXCfx3eHTDRESMz3asj1muO+4aIdjiuY=\"; pin-sha256=\"633lt352PKRXbOwf4xSEa1M517scpD3l5f79xMD9r9Q=\"; max-age=2592000; includeSubDomains",)
  • IIS
Visit https://scotthelme.co.uk/hardening-your-http-response-headers/#public-key-pinning

X-Frame-Options

  • Apache
Add this line below into your site's configuration to configure Apache to send X-Frame-Options header for all pages.
Header set X-Frame-Options "DENY"
  • nginx
Add snippet below into configuration file to send X-Frame-Options header.
add_header X-Frame-Options "DENY";
  • lighttpd
Add snippet below into configuration file to send X-Frame-Options header.
setenv.add-response-header = ("X-Frame-Options" => "DENY",)
  • IIS
Visit https://scotthelme.co.uk/hardening-your-http-response-headers/#x-frame-options

X-XSS-Protection

Add appropriate snippet into configuration file.

  • Apache
Header set X-XSS-Protection "1; mode=block"
  • nginx
add_header X-XSS-Protection "1;mode=block";
  • lighttpd
setenv.add-response-header = ("X-XSS-Protection" => "1; mode=block",)
  • IIS
Visit https://scotthelme.co.uk/hardening-your-http-response-headers/#x-xss-protection

X-Content-Type-Options

Add appropriate snippet into configuration file.

  • Apache
Header set X-Content-Type-Options "nosniff"
  • nginx
add_header X-Content-Type-Options "nosniff";
  • lighttpd
setenv.add-response-header = ("X-Content-Type-Options" => "nosniff",)
  • IIS
Visit https://scotthelme.co.uk/hardening-your-http-response-headers/#x-content-type-options

Content-Security-Policy

Add appropriate snippet into configuration file.

  • Apache
Header set Content-Security-Policy "script-src 'self'; object-src 'self'"
  • nginx
add_header Content-Security-Policy "script-src 'self'; object-src 'self'";
  • lighttpd
setenv.add-response-header = ("Content-Security-Policy" => "script-src 'self'; object-src 'self'",)
  • IIS
Visit https://scotthelme.co.uk/hardening-your-http-response-headers/#content-security-policy

X-Permitted-Cross-Domain-Policies

Add appropriate snippet into configuration file.

  • Apache
Header set X-Permitted-Cross-Domain-Policies "none"
  • nginx
add_header X-Permitted-Cross-Domain-Policies "none";
  • lighttpd
setenv.add-response-header = ("X-Permitted-Cross-Domain-Policies" => "none",)
  • IIS
[update needed]

Referrer-Policy

  • Apache
[update needed]
  • nginx
[update needed]
  • lighttpd
[update needed]
  • IIS
[update needed]

Expect-CT

  • Apache
[update needed]
  • nginx
[update needed]
  • lighttpd
[update needed]
  • IIS
[update needed]

Feature-Policy

Disables camera, microphone, and payment API. More features can be added to restrict if desired (vr, midi, etc).

  • Apache
Header set Feature-Policy: camera: 'none'; payment: 'none'; microphone: 'none'
  • nginx
[update needed]
  • lighttpd
[update needed]
  • IIS
[update needed]
What is HTTP header?
HTTP header fields are part of HTTP message defined in RFC 2616 that consists of requests from client to server and responses from server to client that define parameters for the communication process including: language, compression support, security and a lot of resources.
Is there a standard for HTTP headers?
A core set of fields is standardized by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) in RFCs 7230, 7231, 7232, 7233, 7234, and 7235. The permanent registry of header fields and repository of provisional registrations are maintained by the IANA. Additional field names and permissible values may be defined by each application. Non-standard header fields were conventionally marked by prefixing the field name with X- but this convention was deprecated in June 2012 because of the inconveniences it caused when non-standard fields became standard. An earlier restriction on use of Downgraded- was lifted in March 2013.
Why I need worry about that?
Like other initiatives supported by OWASP, this project have the objetive to help all community to conceive, develop, acquire, operate and maintain applications that can be trusted as provide useful information about the use relative of secure http headers by applications and platforms supported.
Where can apply secure features presented by this project?
The effectiveness provides by secure http headers demands that application or some component of infrastructure indicate proper header and correspondent value as like use of some client that implement that feature.
When I consider apply this improvements?
The short response it's right now. However we believe in approach more responsible. So we recommend conducting a planning and preliminary study, as well the incremental inclusion of insurance headers.
Headers like: Public Key Pinning Extension for HTTP (HPKP), HTTP Strict Transport Security (HSTS) and Content Security Policy (CSP) need a special attention in order not to cause any incident. Some real cases about to use of secure headers can be seen:
- Secure websites shun HTTP Public Key Pinning
- HTTP Public Key Pinning: You’re doing it wrong!
- CSP On Reporting and Filtering
- Content Security Policy (CSP)
Who can be responsible to apply secure features?
The responsability to provides more secure environment it's a effort that envolve developers, system administrators, vendors of web browsers and end user.
Like this the success of secure headers strategy depends of proper client, in general a web browser, and web application or some infrastructure component configured appropriately.
How can I apply secure http headers?
The use of secure headers can occur directly through of handling http response headers or using some framework, in addition to conducting appropriate configuration in web server.
The OWASP: Secure Headers project provides a list of resources and examples to help understand, analyze and configure secure headers.
What's the costs relative to apply this actions?
There's no costs in to use secure headers. However some effort to configure and manage properly configuration will be necessary.

Contributors

OWASP Secure Headers Project is developed by a worldwide team of volunteers. The primary contributors to date have been:

Involvement in the development and promotion of OWASP Secure Headers Project is actively encouraged! You do not have to be a security expert in order to contribute. If you want to help send an email to [email protected].

To Do

  • Perform public to scan websites and view stats regarding these headers. Automated scanning of the top 1m sites on the web; filtering of said sites to view stats across industries and countries; published database dumps for public consumption/tools; scanning of individual sites; comparing multiple scanned sites.
  • Consistent reports regarding this secure headers, their usage, any changes to existing headers.
  • Reorganize "Best Practices" tab and include a section for related security best practices around headers (e.g. "Remove Server Header" and "Remove X-Powered-By Header").
  • Create a parser to grab the headers from https://scans.io and populate the MySQL database.

Doing

  • Producing open source, easily implemented, well documented code libraries that enable these headers for a variety of platforms. We'll prioritize creating and publicizing Node.JS, PHP, Ruby, and Java, but will eventually reach out towards edge cases like Go, Python and others. The key is to make this accessible as possible to developers.
  • Including how to set properly secure headers on IIS.
  • Improve constantly hsecscan tool to detect bad practices and provide link to the best practices above.

Done

  • Creating secure best practices implementations including how to set properly secure headers on the most common platforms (eg. Apache, NGINX and Lighttpd).
  • Divide the "Tools_and_Libraries" tab into two differents tab (Scanners and Libraries).
  • Include link to attack pages.
  • Include Top Websites Examples tab.
  • Move the Best Practices to another tab.
  • Include a new tab only for browser versions compatibility.
  • Include X-Permitted-Cross-Domain-Policies under Headers and Best Practices tab.
  • Include Expect-CT header and update HPKP.
  • Include Feature-Policy.
Retrieved from "https://wiki.owasp.org/index.php?title=OWASP_Secure_Headers_Project&oldid=255971"