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Difference between revisions of "Testing for Privilege escalation (OTG-AUTHZ-003)"
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| − | {{Template:OWASP Testing Guide | + | {{Template:OWASP Testing Guide v4}} |
| − | + | == Summary == | |
| + | This section describes the issue of escalating privileges from one stage to another. During this phase, the tester should verify that it is not possible for a user to modify his or her privileges or roles inside the application in ways that could allow privilege escalation attacks. | ||
| − | + | Privilege escalation occurs when a user gets access to more resources or functionality than they are normally allowed, and such elevation or changes should have been prevented by the application. This is usually caused by a flaw in the application. The result is that the application performs actions with more privileges than those intended by the developer or system administrator. | |
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | Privilege escalation occurs when a user gets to | ||
| − | |||
| − | + | The degree of escalation depends on what privileges the attacker is authorized to possess, and what privileges can be obtained in a successful exploit. For example, a programming error that allows a user to gain extra privilege after successful authentication limits the degree of escalation, because the user is already authorized to hold some privilege. Likewise, a remote attacker gaining superuser privilege without any authentication presents a greater degree of escalation. | |
| − | == | + | |
| + | |||
| + | Usually, people refer to ''vertical escalation'' when it is possible to access resources granted to more privileged accounts (e.g., acquiring administrative privileges for the application), and to ''horizontal escalation'' when it is possible to access resources granted to a similarly configured account (e.g., in an online banking application, accessing information related to a different user). | ||
| + | |||
| + | |||
| + | == How to test == | ||
'''Testing for role/privilege manipulation''' <br> | '''Testing for role/privilege manipulation''' <br> | ||
| − | In every | + | In every portion of the application where a user can create information in the database (e.g., making a payment, adding a contact, or sending a message), can receive information (statement of account, order details, etc.), or delete information (drop users, messages, etc.), it is necessary to record that functionality. The tester should try to access such functions as another user in order to verify if it is possible to access a function that should not be permitted by the user's role/privilege (but might be permitted as another user). |
| + | === Manipulation of user group === | ||
For example:<br> | For example:<br> | ||
| − | The following HTTP POST | + | The following HTTP POST allows the user that belongs to grp001 to access order #0001: |
| + | <pre> | ||
| + | POST /user/viewOrder.jsp HTTP/1.1 | ||
| + | Host: www.example.com | ||
| + | ... | ||
| − | + | groupID=grp001&orderID=0001 | |
| − | + | </pre> | |
| − | |||
| − | + | Verify if a user that does not belong to grp001 can modify the value of the parameters ‘groupID’ and ‘orderID’ to gain access to that privileged data. | |
| − | + | === Manipulation of user profile === | |
For example:<br> | For example:<br> | ||
| − | The following server's answer shows | + | The following server's answer shows a hidden field in the HTML returned to the user after a successful authentication. |
HTTP/1.1 200 OK | HTTP/1.1 200 OK | ||
| Line 43: | Line 46: | ||
Expires: Thu, 01 Jan 1970 00:00:00 GMT | Expires: Thu, 01 Jan 1970 00:00:00 GMT | ||
Connection: close | Connection: close | ||
| − | <form name= | + | |
| − | <input type="hidden" name=" | + | <form name="autoriz" method="POST" action = "visual.jsp"> |
| + | <input type="hidden" name="profile" value="SysAdmin"> | ||
<body onload="document.forms.autoriz.submit()"> | <body onload="document.forms.autoriz.submit()"> | ||
</td> | </td> | ||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
| − | What if the tester modifies the value of the variable " | + | |
| − | + | What if the tester modifies the value of the variable "profile" to "SysAdmin"? Is it possible to become administrator? | |
| + | |||
| + | === Manipulation of condition value === | ||
For example:<br> | For example:<br> | ||
| − | In an environment | + | In an environment where the server sends an error message contained as a value in a specific parameter in a set of answer codes, as the following: |
| − | @0`1`3`3``0`UC`1`Status`OK`SEC`5`1`0`ResultSet`0` | + | @0`1`3`3``0`UC`1`Status`OK`SEC`5`1`0`ResultSet`0`PVValid`-1`0`0` Notifications`0`0`3`Command Manager`0`0`0` StateToolsBar`0`0`0` |
| + | StateExecToolBar`0`0`0`FlagsToolBar`0 | ||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | + | The server gives an implicit trust to the user. It believes that the user will answer with the above message closing the session. | |
| − | ''' | + | |
| − | + | In this condition, verify that it is not possible to escalate privileges by modifying the parameter values. In this particular example, by modifying the `PVValid` value from '-1' to '0' (no error conditions), it may be possible to authenticate as administrator to the server. | |
| + | <br><br> | ||
| + | |||
| + | === Manipulation of IP Address === | ||
| + | Some webistes uses IP address to limit the access or count the number of error login based on IP address. | ||
| + | |||
| + | For example: | ||
| + | X-Forwarded-For: 8.1.1.1 | ||
| + | |||
| + | In this case, if the website uses the value of 'X-forwarded-For' as client IP address, tester may change the IP value of the 'X-forwarded-For' HTTP header to workaround the IP source identification. | ||
| + | |||
| + | === URL Traversal === | ||
| + | Try to traverse the website and check if some of pages that may miss the authorization check. | ||
| + | |||
| + | For example: | ||
| + | /../.././userInfo.html | ||
| + | |||
| + | === WhiteBox === | ||
| + | If the URL authorization check is only done by partial URL match, then it's likely testers or hackers may workaround the authorization by URL encoding techniques. | ||
| + | |||
| + | For example: | ||
| + | startswith(), endswith(), contains(), indexOf() | ||
| + | |||
| + | === Weak SessionID === | ||
| + | Weak Session ID has algorithm may be vulnerable to brute Force attack. | ||
| + | For example, one website is using MD5 (Password + UserID) as sessionID. | ||
| + | Then, testers may guess or generate the sessionID for other users. | ||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
== References == | == References == | ||
'''Whitepapers'''<br> | '''Whitepapers'''<br> | ||
| − | .. | + | * Wikipedia - Privilege Escalation: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privilege_escalation<br> |
| − | + | ||
| − | * OWASP WebScarab | + | |
| − | ... | + | ==Tools== |
| + | * OWASP WebScarab: [[OWASP WebScarab Project]] | ||
| + | * [https://www.owasp.org/index.php/OWASP_Zed_Attack_Proxy_Project OWASP Zed Attack Proxy (ZAP)] | ||
Latest revision as of 02:23, 8 February 2017
This article is part of the new OWASP Testing Guide v4.
Back to the OWASP Testing Guide v4 ToC: https://www.owasp.org/index.php/OWASP_Testing_Guide_v4_Table_of_Contents Back to the OWASP Testing Guide Project: https://www.owasp.org/index.php/OWASP_Testing_Project
Summary
This section describes the issue of escalating privileges from one stage to another. During this phase, the tester should verify that it is not possible for a user to modify his or her privileges or roles inside the application in ways that could allow privilege escalation attacks.
Privilege escalation occurs when a user gets access to more resources or functionality than they are normally allowed, and such elevation or changes should have been prevented by the application. This is usually caused by a flaw in the application. The result is that the application performs actions with more privileges than those intended by the developer or system administrator.
The degree of escalation depends on what privileges the attacker is authorized to possess, and what privileges can be obtained in a successful exploit. For example, a programming error that allows a user to gain extra privilege after successful authentication limits the degree of escalation, because the user is already authorized to hold some privilege. Likewise, a remote attacker gaining superuser privilege without any authentication presents a greater degree of escalation.
Usually, people refer to vertical escalation when it is possible to access resources granted to more privileged accounts (e.g., acquiring administrative privileges for the application), and to horizontal escalation when it is possible to access resources granted to a similarly configured account (e.g., in an online banking application, accessing information related to a different user).
How to test
Testing for role/privilege manipulation
In every portion of the application where a user can create information in the database (e.g., making a payment, adding a contact, or sending a message), can receive information (statement of account, order details, etc.), or delete information (drop users, messages, etc.), it is necessary to record that functionality. The tester should try to access such functions as another user in order to verify if it is possible to access a function that should not be permitted by the user's role/privilege (but might be permitted as another user).
Manipulation of user group
For example:
The following HTTP POST allows the user that belongs to grp001 to access order #0001:
POST /user/viewOrder.jsp HTTP/1.1 Host: www.example.com ... groupID=grp001&orderID=0001
Verify if a user that does not belong to grp001 can modify the value of the parameters ‘groupID’ and ‘orderID’ to gain access to that privileged data.
Manipulation of user profile
For example:
The following server's answer shows a hidden field in the HTML returned to the user after a successful authentication.
HTTP/1.1 200 OK Server: Netscape-Enterprise/6.0 Date: Wed, 1 Apr 2006 13:51:20 GMT Set-Cookie: USER=aW78ryrGrTWs4MnOd32Fs51yDqp; path=/; domain=www.example.com Set-Cookie: SESSION=k+KmKeHXTgDi1J5fT7Zz; path=/; domain= www.example.com Cache-Control: no-cache Pragma: No-cache Content-length: 247 Content-Type: text/html Expires: Thu, 01 Jan 1970 00:00:00 GMT Connection: close <form name="autoriz" method="POST" action = "visual.jsp"> <input type="hidden" name="profile" value="SysAdmin"> <body onload="document.forms.autoriz.submit()"> </td> </tr>
What if the tester modifies the value of the variable "profile" to "SysAdmin"? Is it possible to become administrator?
Manipulation of condition value
For example:
In an environment where the server sends an error message contained as a value in a specific parameter in a set of answer codes, as the following:
@0`1`3`3``0`UC`1`Status`OK`SEC`5`1`0`ResultSet`0`PVValid`-1`0`0` Notifications`0`0`3`Command Manager`0`0`0` StateToolsBar`0`0`0` StateExecToolBar`0`0`0`FlagsToolBar`0
The server gives an implicit trust to the user. It believes that the user will answer with the above message closing the session.
In this condition, verify that it is not possible to escalate privileges by modifying the parameter values. In this particular example, by modifying the `PVValid` value from '-1' to '0' (no error conditions), it may be possible to authenticate as administrator to the server.
Manipulation of IP Address
Some webistes uses IP address to limit the access or count the number of error login based on IP address.
For example:
X-Forwarded-For: 8.1.1.1
In this case, if the website uses the value of 'X-forwarded-For' as client IP address, tester may change the IP value of the 'X-forwarded-For' HTTP header to workaround the IP source identification.
URL Traversal
Try to traverse the website and check if some of pages that may miss the authorization check.
For example:
/../.././userInfo.html
WhiteBox
If the URL authorization check is only done by partial URL match, then it's likely testers or hackers may workaround the authorization by URL encoding techniques.
For example:
startswith(), endswith(), contains(), indexOf()
Weak SessionID
Weak Session ID has algorithm may be vulnerable to brute Force attack. For example, one website is using MD5 (Password + UserID) as sessionID. Then, testers may guess or generate the sessionID for other users.
References
Whitepapers
- Wikipedia - Privilege Escalation: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privilege_escalation
Tools
- OWASP WebScarab: OWASP WebScarab Project
- OWASP Zed Attack Proxy (ZAP)
