Difference between revisions of "Testing for Bypassing Authentication Schema (OTG-AUTHN-004)"

Latest revision as of 14:44, 5 August 2014

This article is part of the new OWASP Testing Guide v4.

Back to the OWASP Testing Guide v4 ToC:
   https://www.owasp.org/index.php/OWASP_Testing_Guide_v4_Table_of_Contents
Back to the OWASP Testing Guide Project:
   https://www.owasp.org/index.php/OWASP_Testing_Project

1 Summary
2 How to Test
- 2.1 Black Box testing
- 2.2 Gray Box Testing
3 Tools
4 References

Summary

While most applications require authentication to gain access to private information or to execute tasks, not every authentication method is able to provide adequate security. Negligence, ignorance, or simple understatement of security threats often result in authentication schemes that can be bypassed by simply skipping the log in page and directly calling an internal page that is supposed to be accessed only after authentication has been performed.

In addition, it is often possible to bypass authentication measures by tampering with requests and tricking the application into thinking that the user is already authenticated. This can be accomplished either by modifying the given URL parameter, by manipulating the form, or by counterfeiting sessions.

Problems related to the authentication schema can be found at different stages of the software development life cycle (SDLC), like the design, development, and deployment phases:

In the design phase errors can include a wrong definition of application sections to be protected, the choice of not applying strong encryption protocols for securing the transmission of credentials, and many more.
In the development phase errors can include the incorrect implementation of input validation functionality or not following the security best practices for the specific language.
In the application deployment phase, there may be issues during the application setup (installation and configuration activities) due to a lack in required technical skills or due to the lack of good documentation.

How to Test

Black Box testing

There are several methods of bypassing the authentication schema that is used by a web application:

Direct page request (forced browsing)
Parameter modification
Session ID prediction
SQL injection

Direct page request

If a web application implements access control only on the log in page, the authentication schema could be bypassed. For example, if a user directly requests a different page via forced browsing, that page may not check the credentials of the user before granting access. Attempt to directly access a protected page through the address bar in your browser to test using this method.

Parameter Modification

Another problem related to authentication design is when the application verifies a successful log in on the basis of a fixed value parameters. A user could modify these parameters to gain access to the protected areas without providing valid credentials. In the example below, the "authenticated" parameter is changed to a value of "yes", which allows the user to gain access. In this example, the parameter is in the URL, but a proxy could also be used to modify the parameter, especially when the parameters are sent as form elements in a POST request or when the parameters are stored in a cookie.

http://www.site.com/page.asp?authenticated=no

raven@blackbox /home $nc www.site.com 80                    
GET /page.asp?authenticated=yes HTTP/1.0                    
                                                            
HTTP/1.1 200 OK                                             
Date: Sat, 11 Nov 2006 10:22:44 GMT                         
Server: Apache                                              
Connection: close                                           
Content-Type: text/html; charset=iso-8859-1                 
 
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD HTML 2.0//EN">          
<HTML><HEAD>                                                
</HEAD><BODY>                                               
<H1>You Are Authenticated</H1>                              
</BODY></HTML>

Session ID Prediction

Many web applications manage authentication by using session identifiers (session IDs). Therefore, if session ID generation is predictable, a malicious user could be able to find a valid session ID and gain unauthorized access to the application, impersonating a previously authenticated user.

In the following figure, values inside cookies increase linearly, so it could be easy for an attacker to guess a valid session ID.

In the following figure, values inside cookies change only partially, so it's possible to restrict a brute force attack to the defined fields shown below.

SQL Injection (HTML Form Authentication)

SQL Injection is a widely known attack technique. This section is not going to describe this technique in detail as there are several sections in this guide that explain injection techniques beyond the scope of this section.

The following figure shows that with a simple SQL injection attack, it is sometimes possible to bypass the authentication form.

Gray Box Testing

If an attacker has been able to retrieve the application source code by exploiting a previously discovered vulnerability (e.g., directory traversal), or from a web repository (Open Source Applications), it could be possible to perform refined attacks against the implementation of the authentication process.

In the following example (PHPBB 2.0.13 - Authentication Bypass Vulnerability), at line 5 the unserialize() function parses a user supplied cookie and sets values inside the $row array. At line 10 the user's MD5 password hash stored inside the back end database is compared to the one supplied.

1.  if ( isset($HTTP_COOKIE_VARS[$cookiename . '_sid']) ||
2.  {
3.  $sessiondata = isset( $HTTP_COOKIE_VARS[$cookiename . '_data'] ) ?
4. 
5.  unserialize(stripslashes($HTTP_COOKIE_VARS[$cookiename . '_data'])) : array();
6. 
7.  $sessionmethod = SESSION_METHOD_COOKIE;
8.  }
9. 
10. if( md5($password) == $row['user_password'] && $row['user_active'] )
11. 
12. {
13. $autologin = ( isset($HTTP_POST_VARS['autologin']) ) ? TRUE : 0;
14. }

In PHP, a comparison between a string value and a boolean value (1 - "TRUE") is always "TRUE", so by supplying the following string (the important part is "b:1") to the unserialize() function, it is possible to bypass the authentication control:

a:2:{s:11:"autologinid";b:1;s:6:"userid";s:1:"2";}

Tools

References

Whitepapers

Mark Roxberry: "PHPBB 2.0.13 vulnerability"
David Endler: "Session ID Brute Force Exploitation and Prediction" - http://www.cgisecurity.com/lib/SessionIDs.pdf

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-{{Template:OWASP Testing Guide v2}}
+{{Template:OWASP Testing Guide v4}}
-== Brief Summary ==
+== Summary ==
-While most application require authentication for gaining access to private information or tasks, not every authentication method is able to provide adequate security level.
+While most applications require authentication to gain access to private information or to execute tasks, not every authentication method is able to provide adequate security. Negligence, ignorance, or simple understatement of security threats often result in authentication schemes that can be bypassed by simply skipping the log in page and directly calling an internal page that is supposed to be accessed only after authentication has been performed.
-Negligence, ignorance or simple understatement of the security threats often result in authentication schemes that can be easily bypassed by simply skipping the login page and directly calling an internal page that is supposed to be accessed only after authentication has been performed.
-In addition to this it is often possible to bypass compulsory authentication tampering with requests and tricking the application into thinking that we're already authenticated either by modifying the given URL parameter or by manipulating form or by counterfeiting sessions.
+In addition, it is often possible to bypass authentication measures by tampering with requests and tricking the application into thinking that the user is already authenticated.  This can be accomplished either by modifying the given URL parameter, by manipulating the form, or by counterfeiting sessions.
-<br>
-== Description of the Issue ==
-Problems related to Authentication Schema could be found at different stages of software development life cycle (SDLC), like design, development and deployment phase.
-Examples of '''design errors''' include a wrong definition of application parts to be protected, the choice of not applying strong encryption protocols for securing authentication data exchange, and many more.
-'''Problems in development''' phase are for example the incorrect implementation of input validation functionalities, or not following the security best practices for the specific language.
+Problems related to the authentication schema can be found at different stages of the software development life cycle (SDLC), like the design, development, and deployment phases:
+* In the design phase errors can include a wrong definition of application sections to be protected, the choice of not applying strong encryption protocols for securing the transmission of credentials, and many more.
+* In the development phase errors can include the incorrect implementation of input validation functionality or not following the security best practices for the specific language.
+* In the application deployment phase, there may be issues during the application setup (installation and configuration activities) due to a lack in required technical skills or due to the lack of good documentation.
-In addition there are '''issues during application setup''' (Installation and configuration activities) due to a lack in required technical skills, or due to poor documentation available.
-<br>
-== Black Box testing and example ==
+== How to Test ==
-There are several methods to bypass the authentication schema in use by a web application:
+=== Black Box testing ===
-* Direct page request
+There are several methods of bypassing the authentication schema that is used by a web application:
-* Parameter Modification
+* Direct page request ([[Forced_browsing|forced browsing]])
-* Session ID Prediction
+* Parameter modification
-* Sql Injection
+* Session ID prediction
+* SQL injection
 <br>
-'''Direct page request'''
+====Direct page request====
-Several web applications implement access control only inside the login page, otherwise if a user requests directly a different page     in the designed protected area, the authentication schema could be bypassed.
+If a web application implements access control only on the log in page, the authentication schema could be bypassed.  For example, if a user directly requests a different page via forced browsing, that page may not check the credentials of the user before granting access. Attempt to directly access a protected page through the address bar in your browser to test using this method.
-[[Image:basm-directreq.jpg]]
+<center>[[Image:basm-directreq.jpg]]</center>
-'''Parameter Modification'''
+====Parameter Modification====
-Another problem related to authentication design is to let the application verify a succesful login upon fixed value parameters.
+Another problem related to authentication design is when the application verifies a successful log in on the basis of a fixed value parameters. A user could modify these parameters to gain access to the protected areas without providing valid credentials. In the example below, the "authenticated" parameter is changed to a value of "yes", which allows the user to gain access.  In this example, the parameter is in the URL, but a proxy could also be used to modify the parameter, especially when the parameters are sent as form elements in a POST request or when the parameters are stored in a cookie.
-Therefore a user could modify these parameters to gain access to the protected areas without providing valid credentials.
 <pre>http://www.site.com/page.asp?authenticated=no </pre>
@@ Line 52: / Line 46: @@
 Connection: close
 Content-Type: text/html; charset=iso-8859-1
 <!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD HTML 2.0//EN">
 <HTML><HEAD>
 </HEAD><BODY>
-<H1>You Are Auhtenticated</H1>
+<H1>You Are Authenticated</H1>
-</BODY></HTML></pre>
+</BODY></HTML>
+</pre>
+<center>[[Image:basm-parammod.jpg]]</center>
-[[Image:basm-parammod.jpg]]
+====Session ID Prediction====
+Many web applications manage authentication by using session identifiers (session IDs). Therefore, if session ID generation is predictable, a malicious user could be able to find a valid session ID and gain unauthorized access to the application, impersonating a previously authenticated user.
-'''Session ID Prediction'''
-Many web applications manage authentication using session identification values(SESSION ID). Therefore if Session ID generation is predictable a malicious user could be able to find a valid session ID and gain unauthorized access to the application, impersonating  a previously authenticated user.
+In the following figure, values inside cookies increase linearly, so it could be easy for an attacker to guess a valid session ID.
-In the following figure values inside cookies increase linearly, so could be easy for an attacker to guess a valid session ID.
+<center>[[Image:basm-sessid.jpg]]</center>
-[[Image:basm-sessid.jpg]]
+In the following figure, values inside cookies change only partially, so it's possible to restrict a brute force attack to the defined fields shown below.
-In the following figure values inside cookies change only partially, so it's possible to restrict a bruteforce attack to the defined fields shown below.
+<center>[[Image:basm-sessid2.jpg]]</center>
-[[Image:basm-sessid2.jpg]]
+====SQL Injection (HTML Form Authentication)====
+SQL Injection is a widely known attack technique. This section is not going to describe this technique in detail as there are several sections in this guide that explain injection techniques beyond the scope of this section.
-'''Sql Injection (HTML Form Authentication)'''
-SQL Injection is a widely known range of techniques. We are not going to describe this technique into detail, because it's possible to find many dedicated paragraphs in Owasp Testing Guide for either common and advanced readers.
+<center>[[Image:basm-sqlinj.jpg]]</center>
-[[Image:basm-sqlinj.jpg]]
+The following figure shows that with a simple SQL injection attack, it is sometimes possible to bypass the authentication form.
-The following figure shows that with simple sql injection it's possible to bypass the authentication form.
+<center>[[Image:basm-sqlinj2.gif]]</center>
-The Example is obfuscated because it's part of OWASP WebGoat suite, and to let the reader experiment by himself without knowing the solution.
-[[Image:basm-sqlinj2.gif]]
+=== Gray Box Testing ===
-<br>
+If an attacker has been able to retrieve the application source code by exploiting a previously discovered vulnerability (e.g., directory traversal), or from a web repository (Open Source Applications), it could be possible to perform refined attacks against the implementation of the authentication process.
-== Gray Box testing and example ==
-In the case an attacker has been able to retrieve the application source code by exploiting a previosly discovered vulnerability (e.g. directory traversal), or from a web repository (Open Source Applications), could be possible to perform refined attacks against the implementation of the authentication process.
-In the following example (PHPBB 2.0.13 - Authentication Bypass Vulnerability), at line 5 unserialize() function parse user supplied cookie and set values inside $row array. At line 10 user md5 password hash stored inside the backend database is compared to the one supplied.
+In the following example (PHPBB 2.0.13 - Authentication Bypass Vulnerability), at line 5 the unserialize() function parses a user supplied cookie and sets values inside the $row array. At line 10 the user's MD5 password hash stored inside the back end database is compared to the one supplied.
-<pre>1.  if ( isset($HTTP_COOKIE_VARS[$cookiename . '_sid']) ||
+<pre>
+.  if ( isset($HTTP_COOKIE_VARS[$cookiename . '_sid']) ||
 .  {
 .  $sessiondata = isset( $HTTP_COOKIE_VARS[$cookiename . '_data'] ) ?
@@ Line 114: / Line 109: @@
 . {
 . $autologin = ( isset($HTTP_POST_VARS['autologin']) ) ? TRUE : 0;
-. }</pre>
+. }
+</pre>
-In PHP a comparison between a string value and a boolean value (1 - "TRUE") is always "TRUE", so supplying the following string (important part is "b:1") to the userialize() function is possible to bypass the authentication control:
-<pre>a:2:{s:11:"autologinid";b:1;s:6:"userid";s:1:"2";}</pre>
+In PHP, a comparison between a string value and a boolean value (1 - "TRUE") is always "TRUE", so by supplying the following string (the important part is "b:1") to the unserialize() function, it is possible to bypass the authentication control:
-<br>
+ a:2:{s:11:"autologinid";b:1;s:6:"userid";s:1:"2";}
+==Tools==
+* [[OWASP WebScarab Project|WebScarab]]
+* [[OWASP WebGoat Project|WebGoat]]
+* [https://www.owasp.org/index.php/OWASP_Zed_Attack_Proxy_Project OWASP Zed Attack Proxy (ZAP)]
 == References ==
 '''Whitepapers'''<br>
-David Endler - Session ID Brute Force Exploitation and Prediction -
+* Mark Roxberry: "PHPBB 2.0.13 vulnerability"
-http://www.cgisecurity.com/lib/SessionIDs.pdf
+* David Endler: "Session ID Brute Force Exploitation and Prediction" - http://www.cgisecurity.com/lib/SessionIDs.pdf
-<br>
-'''Tools'''<br>
-* WebScarab: http://www.owasp.org/index.php/Category:OWASP_WebScarab_Project
-* WebGoat: http://www.owasp.org/index.php/OWASP_WebGoat_Project
-{{Category:OWASP Testing Project AoC}}
-[[OWASP Testing Guide v2 Table of Contents]]
-{{Template:Stub}}

Difference between revisions of "Testing for Bypassing Authentication Schema (OTG-AUTHN-004)"

Latest revision as of 14:44, 5 August 2014

Summary

How to Test

Black Box testing

Direct page request

Parameter Modification

Session ID Prediction

SQL Injection (HTML Form Authentication)

Gray Box Testing

Tools

References

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