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OWASP Anti-Malware - Knowledge Base

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Introduction

A Technical Knowledge Base for Banking Malware Threats

Protecting Banking Resources

Are your resources protected?

Enumerate the interesting targets

Define the path to the targets (Transition graphs)

Apply trust boundaries (security measures)

Define the weaknesses of the security measures adopted

Appendix A: Security Considerations about Authentication Solutions and Malware

Password

Javascript Keyboard

Behaviour Based Authentication

TAN (Gridcard, Scratch Card)

OTP (Time Based, Click Based)

CAP (Random Nonce, Challenge Response)

SMS Challenges

MSISDN (Caller-ID Authentication)

Appendix B: Banking Malware Families (Active in 2012)

Spyeye

SpyEye is considered the successor of ZeuS and globally considered as the most advanced Banking Malware kit actually used.

This kit was conceived as botnet easy to manage via a web based control panel.

SpyEye relies upon MiTB ( Man in The Browser ) attacks to accomplish its task, it provides a custom Encrypted Configuration File where there are:

  • Plugins
  • Web Injection Code
  • Collectors List- where stolen data is sent

SpyEye is capable of HTML code injection in the following browsers:

  • FireFox
  • Internet Explorer
  • Chrome
  • Opera

List of commonly used Plugins:

  • ccgrabber - used to collect Credit Card numbers by analyzing POST requests.
  • ffcertgrabber - used to steal Firefox stored Certificates.
  • ftpbc - used to reverse ftp connections to the bot.
  • socks5 - allows reverse connections via a proxy server.
  • billinghammer - charges Credit Cards by using stolen card data.
  • ddos - plugin used to ddos a specified target.
  • bugreport - send crash reports to the bot master.
  • SpySpread - capability to spread via USB, IM Messages
  • rdp - Remote Desktop capability

SpyEye kit, actually reached version 1.3.48

In the second half of 2011 appeared a mobile edition of SpyEye, called SpitMo specifically designed to steal mTAN (mobile TAN) authentication systems. SpitMo

Recently (Jenuary 2012) appeared a SpyEye Campaign able to Hide its Fraud Footprint also called Post-Transaction Attack

Resources:

Zeus

ZeuS is a Banking Trojan identified for the first time in 2007, designed as HTTP Based Botnet specifically crafted to steal Online Banking Credentials.

Despite the fact that ZeuS Kit is no longer developed, infection statistics that can be checked here ZeuS Statistics clearly demonstrates that this trojan has a remarkable diffusion.

The ZeuS Kit functionality is based on MiTB attacks, an encrypted configuration file contains URL Triggers and HTML Code to be Injected.

In the past year appeared also a ZeuS for mobile called ZitMo, developed to bypass mTAN authentication system, more information can be reached here:

2011 was also the year of ZeuS Source Code leak, this essentially lead to a number of new ZeuS Variants, here the most significative:

  • ICE IX
  • ZeuS P2P Edition

The most interesting variant is the P2P one, where ZeuS gained P2P Botnet and DGA (Domain Generation Algorithm) capabilities, that make ZeuS able to interact with other victims (nodes) and get Updated Binaries and Configurations.

ZeuS P2P References:

Other References:

Carberp

After ZeuS and SpyEye the third advanced Malware Banking Trojan is Carberp, that during its evolution reached a great level of complexity, by mixing good bypassing and stealth countermeasures with ability to steal via Browser Code Injection online Banking Credentials.

Synthesis of Carberp Functionalities [1]:

  • Ability to run as non-administrator
  • Ability to infect Windows XP , Windows Vista and Windows 7
  • Will not make any changes to the registry (only in memory modifications)
  • Browser Hooking
  • Stolen data is transmitted in real-time to C&C server
  • Kill AntiVirus Software
  • Screenshot Ability
  • Form Grabber
  • Backconnect

Carberp makes use of encrypted Configuration Files that contains plugins and web injection code

  • miniav.psd - Kill Competitors Botnets (SpyEye. ZeuS)
  • vnc.psd - Remote VNC Session Capability
  • passw.psd - password grabber for FTP, VNC, E-Mail Clients, Stored Browser Passwords

References:

Tatanga

Tatanga appeared in the first half of 2011 as MiTB based trojan designed to steal Online Banking Credentials and spoof (Post Transaction Attack) the real balance of the victim.

Like previously seen trojans, also Tatanga makes use of Encrypted Configuration Files (3-DES) to store plugins and web injection code.

Additionally Tatanga is able to:

  • Grab E-Mail addresses
  • Remove Competitors Botnets
  • File Infector to increase malware spread
  • Kill Antivirus Software

References:

Urlzone

Appendix C: Server Side Security Solutions

Appendix D: Client Side Security Solutions

References