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Difference between revisions of "Brute force attack"

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{{Template:Attack}}
 
{{Template:Attack}}
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<br>
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[[Category:OWASP ASDR Project]]
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Last revision (mm/dd/yy): '''{{REVISIONMONTH}}/{{REVISIONDAY}}/{{REVISIONYEAR}}'''
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==Related Security Activities==
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===How to Test for Brute Force Vulnerabilities===
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See the [[:Category:OWASP Testing Project|OWASP Testing Guide]] article on how to [[Testing for Brute Force  (OWASP-AT-004)|Test for Brute Force]] Vulnerabilities.
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Last revision (mm/dd/yy): '''{{REVISIONMONTH}}/{{REVISIONDAY}}/{{REVISIONYEAR}}'''
  
 
==Description==
 
==Description==
  
During this type of attacks the attacker is trying to bypass security mechanisms having a minimal knowledge about them. Using one or more of accessible methods: dictionary attack (with or without mutations), brute-force attack (with given classes of characters e.g.: alphanuerical, special, case (in)sensitive) the attacker is trying to achive his/her goal. Considering a given method, number of tries, efficiency of the system, which conducts the attack and estimated efficiency of the system which is attacked, the attacker is able to calculate for how long the attack will have to lasts. Non brute-force attacks in the other hand, which includes all classes of characters, gives no certeinty of success.
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A brute force attack can manifest itself in many different ways, but primarily consists in an attacker configuring predetermined values, making requests to a server using those values, and then analyzing the response. For the sake of efficiency, an attacker may use a dictionary attack (with or without mutations) or a traditional brute-force attack (with given classes of characters e.g.: alphanumerical, special, case (in)sensitive). Considering a given method, number of tries, efficiency of the system which conducts the attack, and estimated efficiency of the system which is attacked the attacker is able to calculate approximately how long it will take to submit all chosen predetermined values.  
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==Risk Factors==
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==Examples ==
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==Examples==
  
The brute-force attacks are mainly used in the context of guessing passwords and bypassing access control. However there are a lot of tools which uses this techinque to examinate the web service's catalogue structures and seeks interesting, from the attacker's point of view, information. Very often the target of an attack are data in forms (GET/POST) and user's Session-IDs.
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Brute-force attacks are often used for attacking authentication and discovering hidden content/pages within a web application. These attacks are usually sent via GET and POST requests to the server. In regards to authentication, brute force attacks are often mounted when an [https://www.owasp.org/index.php/Authentication_Cheat_Sheet#Implement_Account_Lockout account lockout policy] in not in place.
  
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===Example 1===
  
In the first scenerio, where the goal of brute-forcing is to get to know the password in its decrypted form, it may appear that john the ripper (http://www.openwall.com/john/) is a very helpfull tool. TOP10 tools for password cracking with different methods, including brute-force, may be found on
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A web application can be attacked via brute force by taking a word list of known pages, for instance from a popular content management system, and simply requesting each known page then analyzing the HTTP response code to determine if the page exists on the target server.
http://sectools.org/crackers.html.
 
  
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[https://www.owasp.org/index.php/Category:OWASP_DirBuster_Project DirBuster] is a tool that does exactly this.
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Other tools for this type of attack are as follows:
  
For testing web services there are tools like:
 
 
  - dirb (http://sourceforge.net/projects/dirb/)
 
  - dirb (http://sourceforge.net/projects/dirb/)
 
  - WebRoot (http://www.cirt.dk/tools/webroot/WebRoot.txt)
 
  - WebRoot (http://www.cirt.dk/tools/webroot/WebRoot.txt)
  
  
dirb belongs to more advanced tools. With its help we are able to:
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Dirb is capable of:
 
  - set cookies
 
  - set cookies
 
  - add any HTTP header
 
  - add any HTTP header
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The simplest test to perform is:
 
The simplest test to perform is:
 
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<pre>
 
rezos@dojo ~/d/owasp_tools/dirb $ ./dirb http://testsite.test/
 
rezos@dojo ~/d/owasp_tools/dirb $ ./dirb http://testsite.test/
 
-----------------
 
-----------------
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FOUND: http://testsite.test/phpmyadmin/
 
FOUND: http://testsite.test/phpmyadmin/
 
       (***) DIRECTORY (*)
 
       (***) DIRECTORY (*)
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</pre>
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In the output the attacker is informed that phpmyadmin/ directory was found. The attacker has now found a potential directory of interest within this application. In dirb's templates there are, among others, a dictionary containing information about invalid httpd configurations. This dictionary will detect weaknesses of this kind.
  
In the output the attacker is informed that phpmyadmin/ catalogue was found. The attacker who knows that, is now able to perform the attack on this application. In dirb's templates there is among others a dictionary containing information about invalid httpd configuration. This dictionary will detect weaknesses of this kind.
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The application [http://www.cirt.dk/tools/webroot/WebRoot.txt WebRoot.pl], written by CIRT.DK, has embedded mechanisms for parsing server responses, and based on the phrase specified by the attacker, measures if the server response is expected.
 
 
 
 
One of the main problems with tools like dirb is recognition if the given response from the server is expected and reliable. With more advanced server configuration (e.g. with mod_rewrite) automatic tools are unable to determine if server response informs about an error or that the file, which the attacker is after, was found.
 
 
 
 
 
Application WebRoot.pl written by CIRT.DK (http://www.cirt.dk/tools/webroot/WebRoot.txt) has embedded mechanisms for parsing server responses and basing on the phrase, wchich was specified by the attacker, it measures if the server response is expected.
 
  
E.g.:
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For example:
  
  
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Another example is to examine ranges of the variable's values:
 
Another example is to examine ranges of the variable's values:
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<pre>
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./WebRoot.pl -noupdate -host testsite.test -port 80 -verbose -diff "Error" -url "/index.php?id=<BRUTE>" -incremental integer -minimum 1 -maximum 1
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</pre>
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;Road Blocks:
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One of the main issues with tools like dirb/dirbuster consist in the analysis of server responses. With more advanced server configuration (e.g. with mod_rewrite) automatic tools are sometimes unable to determine "File not found" errors due to the server response being an HTTP response code 200 but the page itself indicates "File not found". This can lead to false positives if the brute force tool is only relying on HTTP response codes.
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An advanced application assessment tool, such as [http://portswigger.net/ Burp Suite], can be used to parse specific parts of the page returned, looking for certain strings in an effort to reduce false positives.
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===Example 2===
  
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In regards to authentication, when no password policy is in place an attacker can use lists of common username and passwords to brute force a username and/or password field until successful authentication.
  
./WebRoot.pl -noupdate -host testsite.test -port 80 -verbose -diff "Error" -url "/index.php?id=<BRUTE>" -incremental integer -minimum 1 -maximum 1
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==Defensive Tools==
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'''Php-Brute-Force-Attack Detector'''
  
==Related Threats==
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http://yehg.net/lab/pr0js/files.php/php_brute_force_detect.zip
  
?
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Detect your web servers being scanned by brute force tools such as WFuzz, OWASP DirBuster and vulnerability scanners such as Nessus, Nikto, Acunetix ..etc. This helps you quickly identify probable probing by bad guys who's wanna dig possible security holes.
  
==Related Attacks==
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http://yehg.net/lab/pr0js/tools/php-brute-force-detector-readme.pdf
  
*[[Blind SQL Injection]]
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==Related [[Threat Agents]]==
*[[Blind XPath Injection]]
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* [[:Category:Authentication]]
  
==Related Vulnerabilities==
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==Related [[Attacks]]==
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* [[Blind SQL Injection]]
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* [[Blind XPath Injection]]
  
*[[Weak credentials]]
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==Related [[Vulnerabilities]]==
*[[J2EE Misconfiguration: Insufficient Session-ID Length]]
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* [[Insufficient Session-ID Length]]
  
==Related Countermeasures==
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==Related [[Controls]]==
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* [[Authentication]]
  
*[[Salted hashes]]
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==References==
*[[Password based authentication]]
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https://www.owasp.org/index.php/Category:OWASP_DirBuster_Project DirBuster
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http://portswigger.net/
  
==Categories==
 
  
[[Category:Attack]]
 
 
[[Category:Probabilistic Techniques]]
 
[[Category:Probabilistic Techniques]]
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[[Category: Attack]]

Latest revision as of 03:27, 1 February 2016

This is an Attack. To view all attacks, please see the Attack Category page.



Last revision (mm/dd/yy): 02/1/2016


Related Security Activities

How to Test for Brute Force Vulnerabilities

See the OWASP Testing Guide article on how to Test for Brute Force Vulnerabilities.


Last revision (mm/dd/yy): 02/1/2016

Description

A brute force attack can manifest itself in many different ways, but primarily consists in an attacker configuring predetermined values, making requests to a server using those values, and then analyzing the response. For the sake of efficiency, an attacker may use a dictionary attack (with or without mutations) or a traditional brute-force attack (with given classes of characters e.g.: alphanumerical, special, case (in)sensitive). Considering a given method, number of tries, efficiency of the system which conducts the attack, and estimated efficiency of the system which is attacked the attacker is able to calculate approximately how long it will take to submit all chosen predetermined values.

Risk Factors

Examples

Brute-force attacks are often used for attacking authentication and discovering hidden content/pages within a web application. These attacks are usually sent via GET and POST requests to the server. In regards to authentication, brute force attacks are often mounted when an account lockout policy in not in place.

Example 1

A web application can be attacked via brute force by taking a word list of known pages, for instance from a popular content management system, and simply requesting each known page then analyzing the HTTP response code to determine if the page exists on the target server.

DirBuster is a tool that does exactly this.

Other tools for this type of attack are as follows:

- dirb (http://sourceforge.net/projects/dirb/)
- WebRoot (http://www.cirt.dk/tools/webroot/WebRoot.txt)


Dirb is capable of:

- set cookies
- add any HTTP header
- use PROXY
- mutate objects which were found
- test http(s) connections
- seek catalogues and/or files using defined dictionaries and templates
- and much much more


The simplest test to perform is:

rezos@dojo ~/d/owasp_tools/dirb $ ./dirb http://testsite.test/
-----------------
DIRB v1.9
By The Dark Raver
-----------------
START_TIME: Mon Jul  9 23:13:16 2007
URL_BASE: http://testsite.test/
WORDLIST_FILES: wordlists/common.txt
SERVER_BANNER: lighttpd/1.4.15
NOT_EXISTANT_CODE: 404 [NOT FOUND]
(Location: '' - Size: 345)

-----------------

Generating Wordlist...
Generated Words: 839

---- Scanning URL: http://testsite.test/ ----
FOUND: http://testsite.test/phpmyadmin/
       (***) DIRECTORY (*)

In the output the attacker is informed that phpmyadmin/ directory was found. The attacker has now found a potential directory of interest within this application. In dirb's templates there are, among others, a dictionary containing information about invalid httpd configurations. This dictionary will detect weaknesses of this kind.

The application WebRoot.pl, written by CIRT.DK, has embedded mechanisms for parsing server responses, and based on the phrase specified by the attacker, measures if the server response is expected.

For example:


Np.

./WebRoot.pl -noupdate -host testsite.test -port 80 -verbose -match "test" -url "/private/<BRUTE>" -incremental lowercase -minimum 1 -maximum 1


oo00oo00oo00oo00oo00oo00oo00oo00oo00oo00oo00oo00
o          Webserver Bruteforcing 1.8          o
0  ************* !!! WARNING !!! ************  0
0  ******* FOR PENETRATION USE ONLY *********  0
0  ******************************************  0
o       (c)2007 by Dennis Rand - CIRT.DK       o
oo00oo00oo00oo00oo00oo00oo00oo00oo00oo00oo00oo00
[X] Checking for updates                - NO CHECK
[X] Checking for False Positive Scan    - OK
[X] Using Incremental                   - OK
[X] Starting Scan                       - OK
   GET /private/b HTTP/1.1
   GET /private/z HTTP/1.1
[X] Scan complete                       - OK
[X] Total attempts                      - 26
[X] Sucessfull attempts                 - 1
oo00oo00oo00oo00oo00oo00oo00oo00oo00oo00oo00oo00

WebRoot.pl found one file "/private/b" on testsite.test, which contains phrase "test".


Another example is to examine ranges of the variable's values:

./WebRoot.pl -noupdate -host testsite.test -port 80 -verbose -diff "Error" -url "/index.php?id=<BRUTE>" -incremental integer -minimum 1 -maximum 1


Road Blocks

One of the main issues with tools like dirb/dirbuster consist in the analysis of server responses. With more advanced server configuration (e.g. with mod_rewrite) automatic tools are sometimes unable to determine "File not found" errors due to the server response being an HTTP response code 200 but the page itself indicates "File not found". This can lead to false positives if the brute force tool is only relying on HTTP response codes.

An advanced application assessment tool, such as Burp Suite, can be used to parse specific parts of the page returned, looking for certain strings in an effort to reduce false positives.

Example 2

In regards to authentication, when no password policy is in place an attacker can use lists of common username and passwords to brute force a username and/or password field until successful authentication.

Defensive Tools

Php-Brute-Force-Attack Detector

http://yehg.net/lab/pr0js/files.php/php_brute_force_detect.zip

Detect your web servers being scanned by brute force tools such as WFuzz, OWASP DirBuster and vulnerability scanners such as Nessus, Nikto, Acunetix ..etc. This helps you quickly identify probable probing by bad guys who's wanna dig possible security holes.

http://yehg.net/lab/pr0js/tools/php-brute-force-detector-readme.pdf

Related Threat Agents

Related Attacks

Related Vulnerabilities

Related Controls

References

https://www.owasp.org/index.php/Category:OWASP_DirBuster_Project DirBuster http://portswigger.net/