4.7.7 Tester l'expiration de session (OTG-SESS-007)

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Dans cette phase, les testeurs vont vérifier que l'application déconnecte automatiquement une utilisateur qui a été inactif depuis un certain temps, assurant ainsi qu'il n'est pas possible de "réutiliser" la même session, et qu'aucune donnée sensible de reste stockée dans le cache du navigateur.

Toutes les applications devraient implémenter une limite d'inactivité sur les sessions. Cette limite définit le temps qu'une session restera active alors qu'il n'y a pas d'activité de l'utilisateur, après ce temps d'inactivité (depuis la dernière requête HTTP de la session considérée), la session sera fermée et invalidée. La limite la plus appropriée doit être un compromis entre la sécurité (limite plus courte) et le confort d'utilisation (limite plus longue), et dépend fortement du niveau de sensibilité des données manipulées par l'application. Par exemple, une limite de 60 minute peut être acceptable pour un forum public, mais pas pour une application bancaire (dans ce cas, un maximum de 15 minutes est recommandé). Dans tous les cas, une application qui ne force pas de déconnexion en cas d'inactivité doit être considérée comme non sécurisée, sauf si un tel comportement est spécifiquement requis fonctionnellement.

La The idle timeout limits the chances that an attacker has to guess and use a valid session ID from another user, and under certain circumstances could protect public computers from session reuse. However, if the attacker is able to hijack a given session, the idle timeout does not limit the attacker’s actions, as he can generate activity on the session periodically to keep the session active for longer periods of time.

Session timeout management and expiration must be enforced server-side. If some data under the control of the client is used to enforce the session timeout, for example using cookie values or other client parameters to track time references (e.g. number of minutes since log in time), an attacker could manipulate these to extend the session duration. So the application has to track the inactivity time on the server side and, after the timeout is expired, automatically invalidate the current user's session and delete every data stored on the client.

Both actions must be implemented carefully, in order to avoid introducing weaknesses that could be exploited by an attacker to gain unauthorized access if the user forgot to log out from the application. More specifically, as for the log out function, it is important to ensure that all session tokens (e.g. cookies) are properly destroyed or made unusable, and that proper controls are enforced at the server side to prevent the reuse of session tokens. If such actions are not properly carried out, an attacker could replay these session tokens in order to “resurrect” the session of a legitimate user and impersonate him/her (this attack is usually known as 'cookie replay'). Of course, a mitigating factor is that the attacker needs to be able to access those tokens (which are stored on the victim's PC), but, in a variety of cases, this may not be impossible or particularly difficult.

The most common scenario for this kind of attack is a public computer that is used to access some private information (e.g., web mail, online bank account). If the user moves away from the computer without explicitly logging out and the session timeout is not implemented on the application, then an attacker could access to the same account by simply pressing the “back” button of the browser.

How to Test

Black Box testing

The same approach seen in the Testing for logout functionality (OTG-SESS-006) section can be applied when measuring the timeout log out.

The testing methodology is very similar. First, testers have to check whether a timeout exists, for instance, by logging in and waiting for the timeout log out to be triggered. As in the log out function, after the timeout has passed, all session tokens should be destroyed or be unusable.

Then, if the timeout is configured, testers need to understand whether the timeout is enforced by the client or by the server (or both). If the session cookie is non-persistent (or, more in general, the session cookie does not store any data about the time), testers can assume that the timeout is enforced by the server. If the session cookie contains some time related data (e.g., log in time, or last access time, or expiration date for a persistent cookie), then it's possible that the client is involved in the timeout enforcing. In this case, testers could try to modify the cookie (if it's not cryptographically protected) and see what happens to the session. For instance, testers can set the cookie expiration date far in the future and see whether the session can be prolonged.

As a general rule, everything should be checked server-side and it should not be possible, by re-setting the session cookies to previous values, to access the application again. 

Gray Box Testing

The tester needs to check that:

• The log out function effectively destroys all session token, or at least renders them unusable,
• The server performs proper checks on the session state, disallowing an attacker to replay previously destroyed session identifiers
• A timeout is enforced and it is properly enforced by the server. If the server uses an expiration time that is read from a session token that is sent by the client (but this is not advisable), then the token must be cryptographically protected from tampering.

Note that the most important thing is for the application to invalidate the session on the server side. Generally this means that the code must invoke the appropriate methods, e.g. HttpSession.invalidate() in Java and Session.abandon() in .NET. Clearing the cookies from the browser is advisable, but is not strictly necessary, since if the session is properly invalidated on the server, having the cookie in the browser will not help an attacker.

References

OWASP Resources

• Session Management Cheat Sheet