Testing for Stack Overflow - Revision history

Andrew Muller at 16:35, 31 July 2014

2014-07-31T16:35:34Z

Jane O'Connor: Final edit

2014-05-19T10:33:37Z

Final edit

Mmeucci at 17:32, 9 March 2014

2014-03-09T17:32:33Z

David Fern: "Defeating Stack Based Buffer Overflow Prevention Mechanism of Windows 2003 Server" removed can not find a valid URL, Updated Aleph One Article URL,

2012-11-06T17:18:14Z

"Defeating Stack Based Buffer Overflow Prevention Mechanism of Windows 2003 Server" removed can not find a valid URL, Updated Aleph One Article URL,

Ari Elias-Bachrach: spelling only

2010-10-21T19:01:53Z

spelling only

KirstenS: /* References */

2009-02-09T21:18:46Z

‎References

KirstenS: /* Description of the Issue */

2009-02-09T21:12:48Z

‎Description of the Issue

KirstenS: /* Description of the Issue */

2009-02-09T21:12:01Z

‎Description of the Issue

KirstenS: /* Description of the Issue */

2009-02-09T21:10:59Z

‎Description of the Issue

KirstenS: /* Description of the Issue */

2009-02-09T21:09:45Z

‎Description of the Issue

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 {{Template:OWASP Testing Guide v4}}
-== Brief Summary ==
+== Summary ==
+[[Stack overflow|Stack overflows]] occur when variable size data is copied into fixed length buffers located on the program stack without any bounds checking. Vulnerabilities of this class are generally considered to be of high severity since their exploitation would mostly permit arbitrary code execution or Denial of Service. Rarely found in interpreted platforms, code written in C and similar languages is often ridden with instances of this vulnerability. In fact almost every platform is vulnerable to stack overflows with the following notable exceptions:
-== Description of the Issue ==
+* J2EE – as long as native methods or system calls are not invoked
-[[Stack overflow|Stack overflows]] occur when variable size data is copied into fixed length buffers located on the program stack without any bounds checking. Vulnerabilities of this class are generally considered to be of high severity since their exploitation would mostly permit arbitrary code execution or Denial of Service. Rarely found in interpreted platforms, code written in C and similar languages is often ridden with instances of this vulnerability.
+* .NET – as long as /unsafe or unmanaged code is not invoked (such as the use of P/Invoke or COM Interop)
 * PHP – as long as external programs and vulnerable PHP extensions written in C or C++ are not called can suffer from stack overflow issues.
 Stack overflow vulnerabilities often allow an attacker to directly take control of the instruction pointer and, therefore, alter the execution of the program and execute arbitrary code. Besides  overwriting the instruction pointer, similar results can also be obtained by overwriting other variables and structures, like Exception Handlers, which are located on the stack.
+==How to Test==
-== Black Box testing and example ==
+=== Black Box testing ===
 The key to testing an application for stack overflow vulnerabilities is supplying overly large input data as compared to what is expected. However, subjecting the application to arbitrarily large data is not sufficient. It becomes necessary to inspect the application’s execution flow and responses to ascertain whether an overflow has actually been triggered or not. Therefore, the steps required to locate and validate stack overflows would be to attach a debugger to the target application or process, generate malformed input for the application, subject the application to malformed input, and inspect responses in a debugger. The debugger allows the tester to view the execution flow and the state of the registers when the vulnerability gets triggered.
@@ Line 64: / Line 55: @@
-== Gray Box testing and example ==
+=== Gray Box testing ===
 When reviewing code for stack overflows, it is advisable to search for calls to insecure library functions like gets(), strcpy(), strcat() etc which do not validate the length of source strings and blindly copy data into fixed size buffers.
@@ Line 129: / Line 120: @@
 Apart from manually reviewing code for stack overflows, static code analysis tools can also be of great assistance. Although they tend to generate a lot of false positives and would barely be able to locate a small portion of defects, they certainly help in reducing the overhead associated with finding low hanging fruits, like strcpy() and sprintf() bugs. A variety of tools like RATS, Flawfinder and ITS4 are available for analyzing C-style languages.
@@ Line 136: / Line 134: @@
 * The Samba trans2open stack overflow vulnerability - http://www.securityfocus.com/archive/1/317615
 * Windows RPC DCOM vulnerability details - http://www.xfocus.org/documents/200307/2.html

@@ Line 3: / Line 3: @@
 == Brief Summary ==
 This section discusses an overflow test that focuses on how to manipulate the program stack.
 == Description of the Issue ==
-[[Stack overflow|Stack overflows]] occur when variable size data is copied into fixed length buffers located on the program stack without any bounds checking.
+[[Stack overflow|Stack overflows]] occur when variable size data is copied into fixed length buffers located on the program stack without any bounds checking. Vulnerabilities of this class are generally considered to be of high severity since their exploitation would mostly permit arbitrary code execution or Denial of Service. Rarely found in interpreted platforms, code written in C and similar languages is often ridden with instances of this vulnerability.
 Vulnerabilities of this class are generally considered to be of high severity since their exploitation would mostly permit arbitrary code execution or Denial of Service. Rarely found in interpreted platforms, code written in C and similar languages is often ridden with instances of this vulnerability. An extract from the buffer overflow section of OWASP Development Guide 2.0 states that:
 '' Almost every platform, with the following notable exceptions:''
@@ Line 13: / Line 16: @@
 *'' PHP – as long as external programs and vulnerable PHP extensions written in C or C++ are not called ''
 ''can suffer from stack overflow issues. ''
 Stack overflow vulnerabilities often allow an attacker to directly take control of the instruction pointer and, therefore, alter the execution of the program and execute arbitrary code. Besides  overwriting the instruction pointer, similar results can also be obtained by overwriting other variables and structures, like Exception Handlers, which are located on the stack.
 == Black Box testing and example ==
-The key to testing an application for stack overflow vulnerabilities is supplying overly large input data as compared to what is expected.
+The key to testing an application for stack overflow vulnerabilities is supplying overly large input data as compared to what is expected. However, subjecting the application to arbitrarily large data is not sufficient. It becomes necessary to inspect the application’s execution flow and responses to ascertain whether an overflow has actually been triggered or not. Therefore, the steps required to locate and validate stack overflows would be to attach a debugger to the target application or process, generate malformed input for the application, subject the application to malformed input, and inspect responses in a debugger. The debugger allows the tester to view the execution flow and the state of the registers when the vulnerability gets triggered.
 However, subjecting the application to arbitrarily large data is not sufficient. It becomes necessary to inspect the application’s execution flow and responses to ascertain whether an overflow has actually been triggered or not. Therefore, the steps required to locate and validate stack overflows would be to attach a debugger to the target application or process, generate malformed input for the application, subject the application to malformed input, and inspect responses in a debugger. The debugger allows the tester to view the execution flow and the state of the registers when the vulnerability gets triggered.
 On the other hand, a more passive form of testing can be employed, which involves inspecting assembly code of the application by using disassemblers. In this case, various sections are scanned for signatures of vulnerable assembly fragments. This is often termed as reverse engineering and is a tedious process.
 As a simple example, consider the following technique employed while testing an executable “sample.exe” for stack overflows:
@@ Line 34: / Line 40: @@
+}
 </pre>
 File sample.exe is launched in a debugger, in our case OllyDbg.
 [[image:stack overflow vulnerability.gif]]
@@ Line 42: / Line 48: @@
 Since the application is expecting command line arguments, a large sequence of characters such as ‘A’, can be supplied in the argument field shown above.
 On opening the executable with the supplied arguments and continuing execution the following results are obtained.
 [[image:stack overflow vulnerability 2.gif]]
@@ Line 50: / Line 56: @@
 As shown in the registers window of the debugger, the EIP or Extended Instruction Pointer, which points to the next instruction to be executed, contains the value ‘41414141’. ‘41’ is a hexadecimal representation for the character ‘A’ and therefore the string ‘AAAA’ translates to 41414141.
 This clearly demonstrates how input data can be used to overwrite the instruction pointer with user-supplied values and control program execution. A stack overflow can also allow overwriting of stack-based structures like SEH (Structured Exception Handler) to control code execution and bypass certain stack protection mechanisms.
 As mentioned previously, other methods of testing such vulnerabilities include reverse engineering the application binaries, which is a complex and tedious process, and using fuzzing techniques.
 == Gray Box testing and example ==
 When reviewing code for stack overflows, it is advisable to search for calls to insecure library functions like gets(), strcpy(), strcat() etc which do not validate the length of source strings and blindly copy data into fixed size buffers.
 For example consider the following function:-
@@ Line 80: / Line 90: @@
+}
 </pre>
 From above, the line strcat(b,inpt) will result in a stack overflow if inpt exceeds 1024 bytes. Not only does this demonstrate an insecure usage of strcat, it also shows how important it is to examine the length of strings referenced by a character pointer that is passed as an argument to a function; In this case the length of string referenced by char *inpt. Therefore it is always a good idea to trace back the source of function arguments and ascertain string lengths while reviewing code.
 Usage of the relatively safer strncpy() can also lead to stack overflows since it only restricts the number of bytes copied into the destination buffer. If the size argument that is used to accomplish this is generated dynamically based on user input or calculated inaccurately within loops, it is possible to overflow stack buffers.  For example:-
@@ Line 95: / Line 107: @@
+}
 </pre>
 where source is user controllable data. A good example would be the samba trans2open stack overflow vulnerability (http://www.securityfocus.com/archive/1/317615).
 Vulnerabilities can also appear in URL and address parsing code. In such cases, a function like memccpy() is usually employed which copies data into a destination buffer from source until a specified character is not encountered. Consider the function:
@@ Line 109: / Line 123: @@
+}
 </pre>
 In this case the information contained in path could be greater than 40 bytes before ‘\’ can be encountered. If so it will cause a stack overflow. A similar vulnerability was located in Windows RPCSS subsystem (MS03-026). The vulnerable code copied server names from UNC paths into a fixed size buffer until a ‘\’ was encountered. The length of the server name in this case was controllable by users.
 Apart from manually reviewing code for stack overflows, static code analysis tools can also be of great assistance. Although they tend to generate a lot of false positives and would barely be able to locate a small portion of defects, they certainly help in reducing the overhead associated with finding low hanging fruits, like strcpy() and sprintf() bugs. A variety of tools like RATS, Flawfinder and ITS4 are available for analyzing C-style languages.
 ==References==
@@ Line 119: / Line 136: @@
 * The Samba trans2open stack overflow vulnerability - http://www.securityfocus.com/archive/1/317615
 * Windows RPC DCOM vulnerability details - http://www.xfocus.org/documents/200307/2.html
 '''Tools'''<br>

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:32, 9 March 2014
Line 1:		Line 1:
−	{{Template:OWASP Testing Guide v3}}	+	{{Template:OWASP Testing Guide v4}}

	== Brief Summary ==		== Brief Summary ==

@@ Line 116: / Line 116: @@
 ==References==
 '''Whitepapers'''<br>
-* Defeating Stack Based Buffer Overflow Prevention Mechanism of Windows 2003 Server - http://www.ngssoftware.com/papers/defeating-w2k3-stack-protection.pdf
+* Aleph One: "Smashing the Stack for Fun and Profit" - http://insecure.org/stf/smashstack.html
 * The Samba trans2open stack overflow vulnerability - http://www.securityfocus.com/archive/1/317615
 * Windows RPC DCOM vulnerability details - http://www.xfocus.org/documents/200307/2.html

@@ Line 68: / Line 68: @@
 if (severity == 1)
+{
-strcat(b,”Error occured on”);
+strcat(b,”Error occurred on”);
 strcat(b,":");
 strcat(b,inpt);

@@ Line 128: / Line 128: @@
 * Spike, A fuzzer framework that can be used to explore vulnerabilities and perform length testing - http://www.immunitysec.com/downloads/SPIKE2.9.tgz
 * Brute Force Binary Tester (BFB), A proactive binary checker - http://bfbtester.sourceforge.net/
 * Metasploit, A rapid exploit development and Testing frame work - http://www.metasploit.com/projects/Framework/

@@ Line 8: / Line 8: @@
 Vulnerabilities of this class are generally considered to be of high severity since their exploitation would mostly permit arbitrary code execution or Denial of Service. Rarely found in interpreted platforms, code written in C and similar languages is often ridden with instances of this vulnerability. An extract from the buffer overflow section of OWASP Development Guide 2.0 states that:
-''' Almost every platform, with the following notable exceptions:'''
+'' Almost every platform, with the following notable exceptions:''
-'''* J2EE – as long as native methods or system calls are not invoked'''
+*'' J2EE – as long as native methods or system calls are not invoked''
-'''* .NET – as long as /unsafe or unmanaged code is not invoked (such as the use of P/Invoke or COM Interop)'''
+*'' .NET – as long as /unsafe or unmanaged code is not invoked (such as the use of P/Invoke or COM Interop)''
-'''* PHP – as long as external programs and vulnerable PHP extensions written in C or C++ are not called '''
+*'' PHP – as long as external programs and vulnerable PHP extensions written in C or C++ are not called ''
-'''can suffer from stack overflow issues. '''
+''can suffer from stack overflow issues. ''
 Stack overflow vulnerabilities often allow an attacker to directly take control of the instruction pointer and, therefore, alter the execution of the program and execute arbitrary code. Besides  overwriting the instruction pointer, similar results can also be obtained by overwriting other variables and structures, like Exception Handlers, which are located on the stack.